Lithium-ion secondary battery, negative electrode for lithium-ion secondary battery, battery pack, electric vehicle, power storage system, electric tool, and electronic device
A lithium-ion secondary battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode containing an active material, and an electrolytic solution, in which the active material contains, as constituent elements, Si, O, and at least one element M1 selected from Li, C, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Zr, Mo, Ag, Sn, Ba, W, Ta, Na, and K, and the atomic ratio x (O/Si) of O to Si is 0.5≦x≦1.8.
1. A lithium-ion secondary battery comprising:
a positive electrode;
a negative electrode containing an active material; and
an electrolytic solution,
wherein the active material is selected from the group consisting of an amorphous material and a low-crystallinity material, wherein the active material contains, as constituent elements, Si, O, and at least one element M1 selected from C, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Zr, Mo, Ag, Sn, Ba, W, Ta, Na, and K,
an atomic ratio x of O to Si is 0.5≦x≦1.8,
an atomic ratio of M1/(Si+O) is 0.5 or less,
at least one of the atoms of Si is bonded to at least one of the atoms of O, with bonding states of Si atoms that include zero valence (Si 0+ ), monovalence (Si 1+ ), divalence (Si 2+ ), trivalence (Si 3+ ), and tetravalence (Si 4+ ), and atomic ratios of the bonding states satisfy Si 4+ <Si 0+ +Si 1+ +Si 2+ +Si 3+ , Si 4+ >Si 0+ , Si 4+ ≧Si 1+ , and Si 4+ ≧Si 2+ ,
at least one of the atoms of M1 is bonded to at least one of Si and O,
the active material further contains a compound of Si, O, and at least one of the atoms of M1, and
the proportion of Si 1+ is less than 10 atomic percent.
2. The lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ,
wherein the active material has a median diameter of 0.3 μm to 20 μm.
3. The lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ,
wherein the negative electrode includes a conductive layer arranged on at least part of a surface of the active material, the conductive layer having a lower electrical resistance than the active material.
4. The lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 3 ,
wherein the conductive layer contains a carbon material.
5. The lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ,
wherein the negative electrode contains a binder,
wherein the binder contains at least one selected from polyimide, polyamide-imide, polyamide, polyvinylidene fluoride, polyacrylic acid, lithium polyacrylate, sodium polyacrylate, polymaleic acid, copolymers thereof, carboxymethyl cellulose, styrene-butadiene rubber, and polyvinyl alcohol.
6. A negative electrode for a lithium-ion secondary battery, the negative electrode comprising:
an active material,
wherein the active material is selected from the group consisting of an amorphous material and a low-crystallinity material, wherein the active material contains, as constituent elements, Si, O, and at least one element M1 selected from C, Mg, Al, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ge, Zr, Mo, Ag, Sn, Ba, W, Ta, Na, and K,
an atomic ratio x of O to Si is 0.5≦x≦1.8,
an atomic ratio of M1/(Si+O) is 0.5 or less,
at least one of the atoms of Si is bonded to at least one of the atoms of O, with bonding states of Si atoms that include zero valence (Si 0+ ), monovalence (Si 1+ ), divalence (Si 2+ ), trivalence (Si 3+ ), and tetravalence (Si 4+ ), and atomic ratios of the bonding states satisfy Si 4+ <Si 0+ +Si 1+ +Si 2+ +Si 3+ , Si 4+ >Si 0+ , Si 4+ >Si 1+ , and Si 4+ ≧Si 2+ ,
at least one of the atoms of M1 is bonded to at least one of Si and O,
the active material further contains a compound of Si, O, and at least one of the atoms of M1, and
the proportion of Si 1+ is less than 10 atomic percent.
7. A battery pack comprising:
the lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ;
a controller configured to control the usage state of the lithium-ion secondary battery; and
a switching unit configured to switch the usage state of the lithium-ion secondary battery in response to an instruction from the controller.
8. An electric vehicle comprising:
the lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ;
a conversion unit configured to convert power from the lithium-ion secondary battery into a driving force;
a driven unit configured to be driven in response to the driving force; and
a controller configured to control the usage state of the lithium-ion secondary battery.
9. A power storage system comprising:
the lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ;
one or two or more electrical devices; and
a controller configured to control the power supply from the lithium-ion secondary battery to the electrical devices.
10. An electric tool comprising:
the lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ; and
a moving part powered by the lithium-ion secondary battery.
11. An electronic device comprising:
the lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 , wherein the electronic device is powered by the lithium-ion secondary battery.
12. The lithium-ion secondary battery according to claim 1 ,
wherein the active material contains, as constituent elements, Si, O, and at least one element M1 selected from Al, Ge, Zr, Ag, Ba, Na, and K.
13. The negative electrode according to claim 6 ,
wherein the active material contains, as constituent elements, Si, O, and at least one element M1 selected from Al, Ge, Zr, Ag, Ba, Na, and K.