Apparatus and method for energy regulation and leg control for spring-mass walking machine
A robot for legged locomotion incorporating passive dynamics with touchdown and takeoff control and method.
1. A robot incorporating passive dynamics for legged locomotion on a surface, comprising:
first and second extendable legs each having opposing first and second ends;
first and second leg motors each coupled to the first extendable leg, the motors operable to swing the first leg about the first end and extend or retract the first leg along a leg length direction;
at least one leg spring disposed in series between the leg motors and the first leg, the at least one leg spring configured to store energy therein during a touchdown part of a stance and configured to recover the stored energy during a liftoff part of the stance to provide passive dynamic locomotion;
one or more sensors configured to measure a torque in the leg angle direction of the first leg proximate the first end thereof and configured to measure a force in the leg length direction of the first leg; and
a controller in communication with the sensor and the motors, the controller configured to constrain the second end of the first leg to a column above a specified contact area of the surface at which the second end of the first leg is to be placed on touchdown.
2. A robot incorporating passive dynamics for legged locomotion on a surface, comprising:
first and second extendable legs each having opposing first and second ends;
first and second leg motors each coupled to the first extendable leg, the motors operable to swing the first leg about the first end and extend or retract the first leg along a leg length direction;
at least one leg spring disposed in series between the leg motors and the first leg, the at least one leg spring configured to store energy therein during a touchdown part of a stance and configured to recover the stored energy during a liftoff part of the stance to provide passive dynamic locomotion;
one or more sensors configured to measure a torque in the leg angle direction of the first leg proximate the first end thereof and configured to measure a force in the leg length direction of the first leg; and
a controller in communication with the sensor and the motors, the controller configured to scale the transition between a swing phase and a stance phase.
3. The robot according to claim 2 , wherein the controller is configured to scale the transition between a swing phase and a stance phase based on a defined component of a measured ground reaction force.
4. The robot according to claim 1 , wherein the controller configured to control the forward velocity of the robot by controlling the motors to retract or extend the first leg to remove or add energy, respectively, from the gait of the robot, the controller configured to scale the amount of leg retraction or extension as a direct function of a measured forward velocity and a desired forward velocity.
5. A robot incorporating passive dynamics for legged locomotion on a surface, comprising:
first and second extendable legs each having opposing first and second ends;
first and second leg motors each coupled to the first extendable leg, the motors operable to swing the first leg about the first end and extend or retract the first leg along a leg length direction;
at least one leg spring disposed in series between the leg motors and the first leg, the at least one leg spring configured to store energy therein during a touchdown part of a stance and configured to recover the stored energy during a liftoff part of the stance to provide passive dynamic locomotion;
one or more sensors configured to measure a torque in the leg angle direction of the first leg proximate the first end thereof and configured to measure a force in the leg length direction of the first leg; and
a controller in communication with the sensor and the motors, the controller configured to control the forward velocity of the robot by controlling the motors to retract or extend the first leg to remove or add energy, respectively, from the gait of the robot, the controller configured to scale the amount of leg retraction or extension as a direct function of a measured forward velocity and a desired forward velocity.
6. The robot according to claim 5 , wherein the first leg spring comprises a leaf spring.
7. The robot according to claim 5 , wherein the one or more sensors provide a measure of the angular displacement of the first leg about its first end, and wherein the one or more sensors provide a measure of the length of the first leg.
8. The robot according to claim 5 , wherein the controller is configured to determine the measured torque and force in the leg length direction and/or the leg angle direction from the displacement of the at least one leg spring.
9. A method for controlling the transition between leg swing and stance for legged robot locomotion on a surface, comprising:
providing a robot having first and second extendable legs with opposing first and second ends, and having first and second leg motors coupled to the first extendable leg, the motors operable to swing the first leg about the first end to extend or retract the first leg along a leg length direction, and at least one leg spring disposed in series between the leg motors and the first leg, the at least one leg spring configured to store energy therein during a touchdown part of a stance and configured to recover the stored energy during a liftoff part of the stance to provide passive dynamic locomotion;
measuring a force in the leg length direction of the first leg and measuring the torque in the leg angle direction of the first leg proximate the first end thereof; and
commanding the leg motors to constrain the second end of the first leg to a column above a specified contact area of the surface at which the second end of the first leg is to be placed on touchdown.
10. A method for controlling the transition between leg swing and stance for legged robot locomotion, comprising:
providing a robot having first and second extendable legs and first and second leg motors coupled to a first end of the first extendable leg, the motors operable to swing the first leg about the first end to extend or retract the first leg along a leg length direction, and at least one leg spring disposed in series between the leg motors and the first leg, the at least one leg spring configured to store energy therein during a touchdown part of a stance and configured to recover the stored energy during a liftoff part of the stance to provide passive dynamic locomotion;
measuring a force in the leg length direction of the first leg and measuring the torque in the leg angle direction of the first leg proximate the first end thereof; and
scaling the transition between a swing phase and a stance phase based on a defined component of a measured ground reaction force.
11. A method for controlling the transition between leg swing and stance for legged robot locomotion on a surface, comprising:
providing a robot having first and second extendable legs with opposing first and second ends, and having first and second leg motors coupled to the first extendable leg, the motors operable to swing the first leg about the first end to extend or retract the first leg along a leg length direction, and at least one leg spring disposed in series between the leg motors and the first leg, the at least one leg spring configured to store energy therein during a touchdown part of a stance and configured to recover the stored energy during a liftoff part of the stance to provide passive dynamic locomotion;
measuring a force in the leg length direction of the first leg and measuring the torque in the leg angle direction of the first leg proximate the first end thereof; and
commanding the leg motors control the forward velocity of the robot to retract or extend the first leg to remove or add energy, respectively, from the gait of the robot, by scaling the amount of leg retraction or extension as a direct function of a measured forward velocity and a desired forward velocity.
12. A method for according to claim 11 , comprising scaling torso control authority in response to a defined component of a measured ground reaction force.
13. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the at least one leg spring comprises a leaf spring.
14. The method according to claim 11 , wherein the step of measuring the force and the torque comprises measuring the displacement of the at least one leg spring.
15. The method according to claim 11 , comprising switching between swing phase and stance phase control when a defined component of a measured ground reaction reaches a predetermined threshold.