Systems and methods for parenterally procuring bodily-fluid samples with reduced contamination
The present invention is directed to the parenteral procurement of bodily-fluid samples. The present invention is also directed to systems and methods for parenterally procuring bodily-fluid samples with reduced contamination from dermally-residing microbes. In some embodiments, a bodily-fluid withdrawing system is used to withdraw bodily fluid from a patient for incubation in culture media in one or more sample vessels. Prior to withdrawing bodily fluid into the one or more sample vessels for incubation, an initial volume of withdrawn bodily fluid is placed in one or more pre-sample reservoirs and is not used for the incubation in culture media.
1. A method of using a sample procurement device to obtain a blood sample from a patient with reduced contamination to reduce false results in culture testing of the blood sample, the sample procurement device defining a first fluid flow path and a second fluid flow path and having a junction, the method comprising:
establishing fluid communication with the vasculature of the patient;
receiving a first volume of blood from the patient into the first fluid flow path when the junction is in a first state;
the junction configured to transition to a second state as a result of receiving the first volume of blood from the patient such that a portion of the first volume of blood is sequestered in the first fluid flow path; and
receiving a second volume of blood into a sample vessel via the second fluid flow path, the sample vessel containing a culture media,
whereby sequestering the portion of the first volume of blood sequesters contaminants present in the first volume of blood, thereby reducing contamination in the second volume of blood used as the blood sample in the culture testing.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing fluid communication with the vasculature of the patient includes inserting a needle having a lumen into the vasculature of the patient, the portion of the first volume of blood is greater than a volume of the lumen of the needle and less than 5 ml.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein establishing fluid communication with the vasculature of the patient includes inserting a needle having a lumen into the vasculature of the patient, the needle is a first needle, the sample procurement device configured to be fluidically coupled to a second needle, the second needle being removably insertable into the sample vessel.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter having a first state operable to allow sequestration of contaminants present in the first volume of blood, and a second state operable to allow the second volume of blood to flow to the sample vessel, the transitioning at the junction includes the diverter transitioning from the first state to the second state after blood stops flowing from the patient.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the diverter is a single diverter.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the portion of blood is sequestered in a reservoir and not used for culture testing.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the reservoir is integrated into the sample procurement device.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the contaminants are dermally-residing microbes.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter that defines a first fluid flow path such that the portion of blood can flow from the needle to the sample procurement device, and a second fluid flow path such that the second volume of blood can flow from the needle to the sample vessel, the diverter configured to cause transition of blood flow from the first fluid flow path to the second fluid flow path after sequestration of the portion of blood flow from the patient.
10. A method of using a sample procurement device to obtain a blood sample from a patient with reduced contamination to reduce false results in culture testing of the blood sample, the sample procurement device defining a first fluid flow path and a second fluid flow path and having a junction, the method comprising:
establishing fluid communication with the vasculature of the patient;
receiving an initial volume of blood from the patient into a reservoir integrated into the sample procurement device via the first fluid flow path; and
the junction configured to transition to a second state in response to substantially filling the reservoir such that the initial volume of blood is sequestered in the reservoir and such that subsequent flow of blood flows to a sample vessel via the second fluid flow path, the sample vessel containing a culture media, the sequestered initial volume not being used as the blood sample in the culture testing,
whereby sequestering the initial volume of blood sequesters contaminants present in the initial volume of blood, thereby reducing contamination in the blood flowing to the sample vessel to be used as the blood sample for the culture testing.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the initial volume of blood is less than 5 ml.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein establishing fluid communication with the vasculature of the patient includes inserting a needle having a lumen into the vasculature of the patient, the initial volume of blood is greater than a volume of the lumen of the needle and less than 5 ml.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the initial volume of blood is 0.5 ml to 5 ml.
14. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter having a first state operable to allow sequestration of contaminants present in the initial volume of blood, and a second state operable to allow blood to flow to the sample vessel, the transitioning at the junction includes the diverter transitioning from the first state to the second state after blood stops flowing from the patient.
15. The method of claim 10 , wherein the sample vessel is a vacuum-sealed vessel.
16. The method of claim 10 , wherein the contaminants are dermally-residing microbes.
17. A method of using a sample procurement device to obtain a blood sample from a patient with reduced contamination to reduce false results in culture testing of the blood sample, the method comprising:
establishing fluid communication between a lumen-containing device and the patient;
establishing fluid communication between the lumen-containing device and a first fluid flow path;
receiving an initial volume of blood from the patient;
transitioning at a junction between the first fluid flow path and a second fluid flow path as a result of the first fluid flow path receiving the initial volume of blood from the patient such that the initial volume of blood is sequestered and such that fluid communication is established between the lumen-containing device and a sample vessel via the second fluid flow path, the sample vessel containing a culture media; and
receiving a subsequent blood sample into the sample vessel.
18. The method of claim 17 , whereby sequestering the initial volume of blood sequesters contaminants present in the initial volume of blood, thereby reducing contamination in the blood flowing to the sample vessel.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the contaminants are dermally-residing microbes.
20. The method of claim 17 , wherein the initial volume of blood is greater than a volume of the lumen of the lumen-containing device and less than 5 ml.
21. The method of claim 17 , wherein the initial volume of blood is sequestered in a reservoir.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the reservoir is integrated into the sample procurement device.
23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the reservoir is configured to contain less than 5 ml of blood.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter that defines the first fluid flow path such that the initial volume of blood can flow from the lumen-containing device to the reservoir, and the second fluid flow path such that blood can flow from the lumen-containing device to the sample vessel.
25. The method of claim 17 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter that transitions from a first state to a second state, the first state operable to transfer the initial volume of blood from the patient to a reservoir, the second state operable to sequester the initial volume of blood in the reservoir, the diverter configured to cause transition between the first state and the second state in response to the sequestration of the initial volume of blood flow from the patient.
26. The method of claim 17 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter that transitions from a first state to a second state, the first state operable to transfer the initial volume of blood from the patient to a reservoir, the second state operable to establish fluid communication between the lumen-containing device and the sample vessel via the second fluid flow path.
27. The method of claim 17 , wherein the sample procurement device further includes a diverter that transitions from a first state to a second state, the first state operable to transfer the initial volume of blood from the patient to a reservoir, the second state operable to (a) to sequester the initial volume of blood in the reservoir, and (b) establish fluid communication between the lumen-containing device and the sample vessel via the second fluid flow path.
28. A method of using a sample procurement device to obtain a blood sample from a patient with reduced contamination to reduce false results in culture testing of the blood sample, the method comprising:
inserting a lumen-containing device into the vasculature of the patient;
receiving a first volume of blood from the patient when a diverter of the sample procurement device is in a first state;
sequestering a portion of the first volume of blood as a result of receiving the first volume of blood;
after sequestering the portion of blood, establishing fluid communication between the lumen-containing device and a sample vessel, the sample vessel containing a culture media; and
receiving a second volume of blood into the sample vessel when the diverter is in a second state, the diverter configured to automatically transition from the first state to the second state after the first volume of blood stops flowing from the patient,
whereby sequestering the portion of the first volume of blood sequesters contaminants present in the first volume of blood, thereby reducing contamination in the second volume of blood used as the blood sample in the culture testing.