Method of treating a formation using deformable proppants
A substance and method for treating a subterranean formation using hydraulic fracturing. A non-metallic, substantially deformable, proppant particle is “elastically flexible” or “plastically compressible” and adapted for use at concentrations which will substantially create a partial monolayer. The method for treating a formation with a non-metallic deformable proppant, includes the steps of injecting a carrier fluid into the formation, the carrier fluid carrying an amount of the deformable proppant, wherein the carrier fluid is injected at a pressure and a flow rate sufficient to create or open an existing fracture or fracture network in the formation, and placing at least a portion of the deformable proppant in the fracture, the deformable proppant forming substantially a partial monolayer in the fracture, and reducing the pressure and/or the flow rate sufficient to allow the fracture in the formation to at least partially close, wherein at least a portion of the deformable proppant remains in the fracture to prop open at least a portion of the fracture.
1. A non-metallic, deformable, proppant particle that is elastically flexible or plastically compressible and adapted for use as a propping agent in subsurface formation fracturing operations at concentrations which will create a partial monolayer, and wherein the proppant particle comprises a single polymer or a combination of polymers that are layered or coated to create a particle.
2. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , being crush resistant under a closure stress.
3. The deformable proppant of claim 2 , wherein the closure stress is between about 10 MPa and about 80 MPa.
4. The deformable proppant of claim 3 , wherein the closure stress is between about 20 MPa and about 50 MPa.
5. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the particle has a specific gravity of between about 0.1 and about 2.5.
6. The deformable proppant of claim 5 , wherein the particle has a specific gravity of between about 0.5 and about 2.2.
7. The deformable proppant of claim 6 , wherein the particle has a specific gravity of between about 0.9 and about 2.0.
8. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , comprising an organic, inorganic, or combination polymer.
9. The deformable proppant of claim 8 , where the polymer is manmade or naturally occurring.
10. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the proppant has a crush resistance of more than about 50 MPa.
11. The deformable proppant of claim 10 , wherein the proppant has a crush resistance of more than about 80 MPa.
12. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , comprising a single polymer or a mixture of polymers to create the particle.
13. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , having a sphericity of 0.9 to 0.3, tested in accordance with API RP 56.
14. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , having a roundness of 0.1 to 0.90, tested in accordance with API RP 56.
15. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the deformable proppant is chemically inert.
16. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the deformable proppant is adapted to be non-soluble in a formation fluid.
17. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the proppant comprises a material selected from the group of high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), or styrene-divinyl-benzene copolymer.
18. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the proppant is non-permeable.
19. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the proppant is non-absorbent of fracturing fluid.
20. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the proppant has a predeformed maximum cross sectional measurement of about 5.0 mm.
21. The deformable proppant of claim 1 , wherein the proppant is formed to have a pre-deformed initial shape, the initial shape comprising a disk, rice-shape, cubeoid, spheroid, or toroid.
22. A non-metallic, deformable, proppant particle that is elastically flexible or plastically compressible and adapted for use as a propping agent in subsurface formation fracturing operations at concentrations which will create a partial monolayer, and wherein the proppant particle comprises a solid outer shell or layers of polymer that encase an inner fluid.