Devulcanized rubber and methods

1. A system for devulcanizing rubber comprising a reactor vessel containing a vulcanized rubber having a sulfur content with sulfur cross-links is provided, and agitation means to mix the vulcanized rubber with a devulcanizing agent to form a reaction mixture, the devulcanizing agent being a turpentine liquid, wherein said turpentine liquid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient such that said turpentine liquid acts to substantially break said cross-links of said vulcanized rubber and wherein the action of said turpentine liquid results in substantial devulcanization of said vulcanized rubber.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein during the contacting, the sulfur cross-links broken by said devulcanizing agent is in an amount of at least about 54% of sulfur cross-links originally contained within said vulcanized rubber.

3. The system of claim 1 , wherein during the contacting, the sulfur cross-links broken by said devulcanizing agent is in an amount of from about 75 to 100% of sulfur cross-links originally contained within said vulcanized rubber.

4. The system of claim 1 , wherein, during the contacting, the sulfur content of the rubber is substantially reduced.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein said turpentine liquid is selected from the group consisting of:

natural turpentine, synthetic turpentine, pine oil, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, γ-terpineol, 3-carene, anethole, dipentene (p-mentha-1,8-diene), terpene resins, nopol, pinane, camphene, p-cymene, anisaldehyde, 2-pinane hydroperoxide, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadiene, isobornyl acetate, terpin hydrate, ocimene, 2-pinanol, dihydromyrcenol, isoborneol, alloocimene, alloocimene alcohols, geraniol, 2-methoxy-2,6-dimethyl-7,8-epoxyoctane, camphor, p-menthan-8-ol, α-terpinyl acetate, citral, citronellol, 7-methoxydihydrocitronellal, 10-camphorsulphonic acid, p-menthene, p-menthan-8-yl acetate, citronellal, 7-hydroxydihydrocitronellal, menthol, menthone, polymers thereof, and mixtures thereof.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein said turpentine liquid is selected from the group consisting of, natural turpentine, synthetic turpentine, pine oil, α-pinene, β-pinene, α-terpineol, β-terpineol, polymers thereof, and mixtures thereof.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein said vulcanized rubber is provided in a form of at least one intact vulcanized rubber article, vulcanized rubber chunk, vulcanized rubber block, vulcanized rubber crumb, vulcanized rubber piece, or a plurality or mixture thereof.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein said rubber and said turpentine liquid are devulcanized at a temperature of from about 10° C. to about 180° C.

9. The system of claim 1 , wherein said rubber and said turpentine liquid are contacted at a pressure of from about 4×10 4 Pascal (0.4 atm) to about 4×10 5 Pascal (4 atm).

10. The system of claim 1 , in which said rubber and said turpentine liquid are agitated in said reactor vessel by bubbles of boiling water.

11. The system of claim 1 , in which said vulcanized rubber is incubated with said turpentine liquid in a holding tank.

12. The system of claim 1 , wherein said rubber is devulcanized by said turpentine liquid at a temperature of less than about 180° C.

13. A system for devulcanizing rubber comprising a reactor vessel containing a vulcanized rubber having a sulfur content with sulfur cross-links is provided, and agitation means to mix the vulcanized rubber with a devulcanizing agent to form a reaction mixture, the devulcanizing agent being a turpentine liquid, wherein said turpentine liquid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient such that said turpentine liquid acts to substantially break said cross-links of said vulcanized rubber and wherein the action of said turpentine liquid results in substantial devulcanization of said vulcanized rubber, wherein said rubber is devulcanized by said turpentine liquid at a temperature of less than 100° C.

14. The system of claim 1 , further comprising providing an energy input selected from the group consisting of thermal energy in excess of about 250° C., pressure in excess of about 4×10 5 Pascals (4 atm), microwave energy, ultrasonic energy, mechanical shear-forces, and mixtures thereof, to facilitate devulcanization of the rubber.

15. A system for devulcanizing rubber comprising a reactor vessel containing a vulcanized rubber having a sulfur content with sulfur cross-links is provided, and agitation means to mix the vulcanized rubber with a devulcanizing agent to form a reaction mixture, the devulcanizing agent being a turpentine liquid, wherein said turpentine liquid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient such that said turpentine liquid acts to substantially break said cross-links of said vulcanized rubber and wherein the action of said turpentine liquid results in substantial devulcanization of said vulcanized rubber, wherein a devulcanization catalyst is provided to said reaction mixture during said contacting.

16. The system of claim 1 , in which said reaction mixture is provided during the contacting with a compound selected from the group consisting of carbon dioxide, metal oxides, sulfur-radical inhibitors, N-tert-butyl-2-benzothiazole sulphenamide (TBBS), zinc mercaptobenzothiazole (ZMBT), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (MBT), tetramethylthiuram monosulfide (TMTM), and mixtures thereof.

17. A system for devulcanizing rubber comprising a reactor vessel containing a vulcanized rubber having a sulfur content with sulfur cross-links is provided, and agitation means to mix the vulcanized rubber with a devulcanizing agent to form a reaction mixture, the devulcanizing agent being a turpentine liquid, wherein said turpentine liquid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient such that said turpentine liquid acts to substantially break said cross-links of said vulcanized rubber and wherein the action of said turpentine liquid results in substantial devulcanization of said vulcanized rubber, wherein said turpentine liquid has a weight greater than said vulcanized rubber in said reaction mixture.

18. The system of claim 1 , wherein substantially all of the breaking of said cross-links and substantially all of said devulcanization results from activity of said turpentine liquid.

19. The system of claim 4 , wherein substantially all of the breaking of said cross-links, substantially all of the reduction of said sulfur content and substantially all of said devulcanization results from activity of said turpentine liquid.

20. The system of claim 13 , wherein said system further comprises means for adding a solvent to said rubber.

21. A system for devulcanizing rubber comprising a reactor vessel containing a vulcanized rubber having a sulfur content with sulfur cross-links is provided, and agitation means to mix the vulcanized rubber with a devulcanizing agent to form a reaction mixture, the devulcanizing agent being a combination of a turpentine liquid and a solvent selected from the group consisting of lower aliphatic alcohols, lower alkanes, and mixtures thereof, wherein said turpentine liquid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient such that said turpentine liquid acts to substantially break said cross-links of said vulcanized rubber and wherein the action of said turpentine liquid results in substantial devulcanization of said vulcanized rubber.

22. A system for devulcanizing rubber comprising a reactor vessel containing a vulcanized rubber having a sulfur content with sulfur cross-links is provided, and agitation means to mix the vulcanized rubber with a devulcanizing agent to form a reaction mixture, the devulcanizing agent being a turpentine liquid, wherein said turpentine liquid is present in the reaction mixture in an amount sufficient such that said turpentine liquid acts to substantially break said cross-links of said vulcanized rubber and wherein the action of said turpentine liquid results in substantial devulcanization of said vulcanized rubber, wherein said system operates so as to avoid boiling.