Optical chips and devices for optical communications
View Patent ↗Optical devices are disclosed consisting of optical chips (planar lightwave circuits) which have optically symmetric or matching designs and properties and optical components which create asymmetry in the optical devices. The devices find application in detection in coherent and non-coherent optical communications systems.
1. A QPSK chip for demodulating an optical signal, including:
an input configured to receive a plurality of input signals including a first input signal and a second input signal, wherein at least one of the first input signal and the second input signal is a QPSK modulated signal;
an optical hybrid mixer configured to receive the input signals from the input and mix the input signals to generate a plurality of output signals including at least one I-channel signal and at least one Q-channel signal, the optical hybrid mixer including an asymmetrical network of MMI couplers that includes:
a first 2×2 MMI cross coupler configured to receive the first input signal and split the first input signal into a first intermediate signal and a second intermediate signal, the first intermediate signal and the second intermediate signal being 90 degrees out of phase relative to each other;
a 1×2 MMI coupler configured to receive the second input signal from the input and split the second input signal into a third intermediate signal and a fourth intermediate signal, the 1×2 MMI coupler using symmetric interference to cause the third intermediate signal and the fourth intermediate signal to be in-phase relative to each other;
a second 2×2 MMI cross coupler configured to receive the first and third intermediate signals, and mix the first and third intermediate signals to generate the at least one I-channel signal; and
a third 2×2 MMI cross coupler configured to receive the second and fourth intermediate signals, and mix the second and fourth intermediate signals to generate the at least one Q-channel signal, the at least one I-channel signal and the at least one Q-channel signal are 90 degrees out of phase relative to each other;
a plurality of photodiodes, each detecting a corresponding one of the plurality of output signals; and
a plurality of output waveguides, each coupling one of the plurality of photodiodes to a respective output of the optical hybrid mixer corresponding to one of the plurality of output signals.
2. The QPSK chip according to claim 1 , wherein the 1×2 MMI coupler includes a plurality of outputs;
the first 2×2 MMI coupler includes a plurality of outputs; and
a plurality of intermediate waveguides couple the respective outputs of the 1×2 MMI coupler and the first 2×2 MMI coupler to respective inputs of the second 2×2 MMI coupler and the third 2×2 MMI coupler.
3. The QPSK chip according to claim 2 , further including a cross-over between at least two of the plurality of intermediate waveguides.
4. The QPSK chip according to claim 1 , wherein the first 2×2 MMI coupler is designed such that it has a deliberate imbalance in its output power.
5. The QPSK chip according to claim 3 , wherein the optical hybrid mixer includes at least one dummy waveguide cross-over included along one of the plurality of intermediate waveguides to balance at least one of insertion loss and birefringence among the plurality of intermediate waveguides, and the at least one dummy waveguide cross-over balances an imbalance due to the cross-over between at least two of the plurality of intermediate waveguides.
6. The QPSK chip according to claim 2 , wherein the optical hybrid mixer includes a MMI cross-coupler included along at least two of the plurality of intermediate waveguides to cross-over the at least two of the plurality of intermediate waveguides and balance at least one of insertion loss and birefringence among the plurality of intermediate waveguides.
7. The QPSK chip according to claim 1 , wherein the input is coupled to an off-chip delay unit that splits and delays the QPSK modulated signal.
8. The QPSK chip according to claim 1 , wherein the first input signal is the QPSK modulated signal and the second input signal is from a local oscillator.
9. The QPSK chip according to claim 1 , wherein the first input signal is from a local oscillator and the second input signal is the QPSK modulated signal.
10. The QPSK chip according to claim 1 , wherein the first input signal is a first portion of the QPSK modulated signal and the second input signal is a second portion of the QPSK modulated signal that is phase shifted relative to the first portion of the QPSK modulated signal.