Traveling wave linear accelerator comprising a frequency controller for interleaved multi-energy operation
An electromagnetic wave having a phase velocity and an amplitude is provided by an electromagnetic wave source to a traveling wave linear accelerator. The traveling wave linear accelerator generates a first output of electrons having a first energy by accelerating an electron beam using the electromagnetic wave. The first output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a first beam of x-rays. The electromagnetic wave can be modified by adjusting its amplitude and the phase velocity. The traveling wave linear accelerator then generates a second output of electrons having a second energy by accelerating an electron beam using the modified electromagnetic wave. The second output of electrons can be contacted with a target to provide a second beam of x-rays. A frequency controller can monitor the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave from the input to the output ends of the accelerator and can correct the phase shift of the electromagnetic wave based on the measured phase shift.
1. A traveling wave linear accelerator for accelerating electrons generated by an electron gun, the traveling wave linear accelerator comprising:
an accelerator structure configured to receive the electrons generated by the electron gun and having an input, a buncher configured to pack the received electrons into bunches and produce an initial acceleration, and an output;
an electromagnetic wave source coupled to the accelerator structure to provide an electromagnetic wave for further accelerating the electron bunches through the accelerator structure, the electromagnetic wave having crests relative to which the electron bunches are positioned;
an oscillator coupled to the electromagnetic wave source and configured to control the frequency of the electromagnetic wave provided by the electromagnetic wave source; and
a frequency controller interfaced with the input of the accelerator structure and with the output of the accelerator structure and configured to compare the phase of the electromagnetic wave at the input of the accelerator structure to the phase of the electromagnetic wave at the output of the accelerator structure so as to detect a phase shift of the electromagnetic wave in the accelerator structure,
wherein the frequency controller is configured to transmit a signal to the oscillator based on the magnitude of the detected phase shift, and wherein responsive to the signal the oscillator causes the electromagnetic wave source to generate a subsequent electromagnetic wave at a modified frequency, wherein the position of the electron bunches relative to the crests of the electromagnetic wave changes responsive to the modified frequency.
2. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , further comprising an amplifier, wherein the frequency signal from the oscillator is amplified by the amplifier, and wherein the amplifier supplies the amplified frequency signal to the electromagnetic wave source.
3. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic wave source is a klystron.
4. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 1 , further comprising an electron gun, wherein the accelerator structure accelerates a first electron beam from the electron gun to a first energy using a first electromagnetic wave provided by the electromagnetic wave source, the first electromagnetic wave having a first amplitude and a first frequency in the accelerator structure,
wherein the frequency controller monitors a first phase shift of the first electromagnetic wave, and transmits a first signal to the oscillator based on the magnitude of the first phase shift,
wherein the accelerator structure accelerates a second electron beam from the electron gun to a second energy using a second electromagnetic wave provided by the electromagnetic wave source, the second electromagnetic wave having a second amplitude and a second frequency in the accelerator structure, and
wherein the frequency controller monitors a second phase shift of the second electromagnetic wave, and transmits a second signal to the oscillator based on the magnitude of the second phase shift.
5. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 4 , wherein the first energy and the second energy are interleaved.
6. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 4 , wherein the second amplitude is different from the first amplitude and the second frequency is different from the first frequency in the accelerator structure, and the second energy is different from the first energy.
7. The traveling wave linear accelerator of claim 4 , further comprising a target, wherein the first electron beam is emitted from the output of the accelerator structure at the first energy and contacts the target to produce a first beam of x-rays at a first range of x-ray energies, and wherein the second electron beam is emitted from the output of the accelerator structure at the second energy and contacts the target to produce a second beam of x-rays at a second range of x-ray energies.
8. A method of operating a traveling wave linear accelerator for accelerating electrons generated by an electron gun, comprising:
receiving at an input of an accelerator structure of the traveling wave linear accelerator a first electromagnetic wave having a first amplitude and a first frequency from an electromagnetic wave source;
controlling the frequency of the electromagnetic wave with an oscillator;
receiving at the accelerator structure a first electron beam generated by the electron gun;
packing the electrons of the first electron beam into bunches and producing an initial acceleration;
generating a first output of electrons having a first energy from an output of the accelerator structure by accelerating the electron bunches of the first electron beam using the first electromagnetic wave, the first electromagnetic wave having crests relative to which the electron bunches have a first position; and
monitoring a first phase shift of the first electromagnetic wave using a frequency controller interfaced with the input of the accelerator structure and with the output of the accelerator by comparing a phase of the first electromagnetic wave at the input of the accelerator structure to a phase of the first electromagnetic wave near the output of the accelerator structure,
wherein the frequency controller transmits a first signal to the oscillator based on the first phase shift, and
wherein the oscillator causes the electromagnetic wave source to generate a second electromagnetic wave having a second frequency in the accelerator structure based on the first signal, wherein the electron bunches of the first electron beam have a second position relative to the crests of the second electromagnetic wave.
9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising contacting the first output of electrons with a target to produce a first beam of x-rays at a first range of x-ray energies.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising generating a second output of electrons having a second energy from the output of the accelerator structure by accelerating a second electron beam using the second electromagnetic wave.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the second energy is the same as the first energy.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the second frequency is different from the first frequency and the second energy is different from the first energy.
13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first energy and the second energy are interleaved.
14. The method of claim 8 , wherein the electromagnetic wave source is a klystron.
15. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:
receiving at an input of the accelerator structure a third electromagnetic wave having a third amplitude and a third frequency from the electromagnetic wave source;
receiving at the accelerator structure a third electron beam generated by the electron gun;
packing the electrons of the third electron beam into bunches and producing an initial acceleration;
generating a third output of electrons having a third energy, different from the first energy, by accelerating the electron bunches of the third electron beam using the third electromagnetic wave, the third electromagnetic wave having crests relative to which the electron bunches of the third electron beam have a third position; and
monitoring a third phase shift of the third electromagnetic wave using the frequency controller by comparing a phase of the third electromagnetic wave at the input of the accelerator structure to a phase of the third electromagnetic wave at the output of the accelerator structure,
wherein the frequency controller transmits a third signal to the oscillator based on the third phase shift, and
wherein the oscillator causes the electromagnetic wave source to generate a fourth electromagnetic wave having a fourth frequency in the accelerator structure based on the third signal, wherein the electron bunches of the third electron beam have a fourth position relative to the crests of the fourth electromagnetic wave.