Forming a structural laminate that resists stress
View Patent ↗A structural laminate having a selected resistance to a first stress applied in a selected first stress direction relative to the laminate is formed from first and second sheets. A selected volume of toner is deposited on the first sheet to form a deposited toner pattern, the deposited toner pattern being disposed over a selected first surface area of the first sheet and extending normal to the first sheet by a selected first height. The second sheet, or toner thereon, is brought into contact with the deposited toner pattern. The deposited toner pattern is fixed to produce a fixed toner pattern that adheres the second sheet to the first sheet, in that way forming the laminate. The fixed toner pattern includes one or more first contiguous regions of toner extending in a direction within about 45° of the stress direction, so that the contiguous regions resist the applied stress.
1. A method of forming a structural laminate having a selected resistance to a first stress applied in a selected first stress direction relative to the structural laminate, the method comprising:
receiving first and second sheets;
depositing on the first sheet a selected volume of toner to form a first deposited toner pattern, the first deposited toner pattern being disposed over a selected first surface area of the first sheet and extending normal to the first sheet by a selected first height;
depositing on the second sheet a selected volume of toner to form a second deposited toner pattern, the second deposited toner pattern being disposed over a selected first surface area of the second sheet and extending normal to the second sheet by a selected second height;
moistening the first and second sheets;
bringing the second sheet, or second deposited toner thereon, into contact with the deposited toner pattern;
forming the structural laminate by fixing the deposited toner patterns to produce a fixed toner pattern that adheres the second sheet to the first sheet, wherein the fixed toner pattern includes one or more first contiguous regions of toner extending in a direction within about 45° of the first stress direction, so that the one or more first contiguous regions resist the first applied stress;
drying the first and second sheets after the forming step, wherein the drying step includes retaining the fixed sheets in a selected shape while drying the sheets.
2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein:
the fixed volume of the deposited toner of one or both of the first sheet and the second sheet is substantially equal to the selected volume of toner of one or both of the first sheet and the second sheet;
the fixed toner pattern is disposed over a second surface area of the first sheet greater than the selected first surface area;
the fixed toner pattern extends normal to the first sheet by a selected second height less than the selected first height; and
the structural laminate has a higher selected mechanical property in a structural area including the second surface area than the corresponding mechanical property of either the first or the second sheet in the structural area.
3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the mechanical property is selected from the group consisting of Elmendorf tear resistance, tensile strength, stretch, tensile energy absorption, Mullen burst strength, stiffness, bending moment in a given direction, shear strength in a given direction, edge crush strength, and edge crush compression.
4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the structural laminate further has a selected resistance to a second stress applied in a selected second stress direction relative to the structural laminate, the fixed toner pattern also includes second contiguous regions of toner within about 45° of the second stress direction, and the second contiguous regions of toner overlap with the one or more first contiguous regions of toner.
5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions, and the bringing-into-contact step includes orienting the second sheet with respect to the first sheet so the respective long-grain directions of the two sheets are substantially perpendicular.
6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions, one of the respective long-grain directions is within about 45° of the first stress direction, and the other of the respective long-grain directions is within about 45° of the second stress direction.
7. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions;
one of the respective long-grain directions, the first stress direction, and the direction of the one or more first contiguous regions of toner are all within about 45° of each other; and
the other of the respective long-grain directions, the second stress direction, and the direction of the second contiguous regions of toner are all within about 45° of each other.
8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the structural laminate includes a first region having a first response to the first applied stress and a second region having a selected second response to a second stress applied in a selected second stress direction relative to the structural laminate, the deposited toner pattern also includes one or more second contiguous regions of toner within about 45° of the second stress direction, the one or more first contiguous regions are disposed within the first region, and the one or more second contiguous regions are disposed within the second region.
9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions, and the bringing-into-contact step includes orienting the second sheet with respect to the first sheet so the respective long-grain directions of the two sheets are substantially perpendicular.
10. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions, one of the respective long-grain directions is within about 45° of the first stress direction, and the other of the respective long-grain directions is within about 45° of the second stress direction.
11. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions;
one of the respective long-grain directions, the first stress direction, and the direction of the one or more first contiguous regions of toner are all within about 45° of each other; and
the other of the respective long-grain directions, the second stress direction, and the direction of the one or more second contiguous regions of toner are all within about 45° of each other.
12. The method according to claim 1 , wherein after the fixing step 65%-95% of respective surface areas of the first and second sheets are not covered with toner.
13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein after the fixing step 75%-90% of the respective surface areas of the first and second sheets are not covered with toner.
14. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the toner is thermoplastic.
15. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the toner is a thermoset toner that thermosets into a glassy phase in which it has a Young's modulus of more than 1 GPa, and wherein the fixing step includes curing the thermoset toner on the first sheet.
16. The method according to claim 1 , further including, before the bringing-into-contact step, depositing on the second sheet a second selected volume of toner to form a third deposited toner pattern, the third deposited toner pattern being disposed over a selected second surface area of the second sheet and extending normal to the second sheet by a selected second height.
17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the third deposited toner pattern corresponds to the first deposited toner pattern, and the first and second sheets are brought into contact so that the first deposited toner pattern and the third deposited toner patterns are in register, whereby after fixing the first and second sheets are separated by more than the second height.
18. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first and second sheets have respective long-grain directions, and the bringing-into-contact step includes orienting the second sheet with respect to the first sheet so the respective long-grain directions of the two sheets are substantially parallel.
19. The method according to claim 18 , wherein each of the respective long-grain directions is within about 45° of the first stress direction.
20. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the deposited toner patterns on the first and second sheets are unfixed during the bringing-into-contact step, and the fixing step includes fixing the deposited toner patterns on the first and second sheets simultaneously or sequentially.
21. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the second deposited toner pattern is deposited on a front face of the second sheet, and a back face of the second sheet is brought into contact with the deposited toner pattern on the first sheet.
22. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the deposited toner pattern includes spaced-apart toner protrusions arranged along a selected axis, the second deposited toner pattern includes spaced-apart toner protrusions arranged along an axis corresponding to the selected axis, and the spacing between protrusions disposed over the first sheet is different from the spacing between protrusions disposed over the second sheet.