Ceramic enclosed thermal battery
At least a portion of the enclosure of a thermal battery is formed of a ceramic material that is non-porous and electrically-non-conductive. The thermal battery includes at least one cell, a squib that when activated causes the at least one cell to become active, and an enclosure that surrounds the at least one cell and the squib. Squib terminals and battery terminals extend through the enclosure and are electrically connected to the squib and to the at least one cell, respectively. At least the portion of the enclosure through which the squib and battery terminals extend is formed of the ceramic material. The enclosure includes a container and a header. At least the header is made from the ceramic material, and preferably both the container and the header are made from the ceramic material.
1. A thermal battery comprising:
at least one cell having a cathode, an anode, a separator and a heat source;
a squib that when activated causes the heat source to generate heat;
an enclosure including a header and a container that surrounds the at least one cell and the squib, the enclosure forms an exterior surface of the battery, wherein the surface of the container is exposed to the atmosphere, wherein the header comprises:
an upper ceramic disk including a first set of holes and a second set of holes; and
a lower ceramic disk bonded to the upper ceramic disk, the lower ceramic disk including a first set of recesses and a second set of recesses;
squib terminals that extend through the first set of holes of the upper ceramic disk of the header and are electrically connected to the squib, wherein ends of the squib terminals are received in the first set of recesses of the lower ceramic disk of the header; and
battery terminals that extend through the second set of holes of the upper ceramic disk of the header and are electrically connected to the at least one cell, wherein ends of the battery terminals are received in the second set of recesses of the lower ceramic disk of the header;
wherein at least a portion of the header through which the squib terminals and the battery terminals extend is formed of a ceramic material that is non-porous and electrically-non-conductive and at least a portion of the container is formed of the ceramic material.
2. The thermal battery according to claim 1 , wherein the squib terminals and the battery terminals are attached to the ceramic material without glass seals between the terminals and the ceramic material.
3. The thermal battery according to claim 1 , further comprising a first metal ring bonded to a side of the enclosure.
4. The thermal battery according to claim 1 , wherein each of the header and the container includes metalized portions that are welded together.
5. The thermal battery according to claim 1 , wherein an outer periphery of the header includes a metalized portion.
6. The thermal battery according to claim 5 , wherein the metalized portion of the header is welded to the container.
7. The thermal battery according to claim 1 , wherein the ceramic material includes Al 2 O 3 .
8. A thermal battery comprising:
at least one cell having a cathode, an anode, a separator and a heat source;
a squib that when activated causes the heat source to generate heat;
an enclosure that surrounds the at least one cell and the squib, the enclosure including a container and a header that is attached to an open end of the container to form a sealed compartment which holds the at least one cell and the squib, the enclosure forms an exterior surface of the battery, wherein the surface of the container is exposed to the atmosphere, wherein the header comprises:
an upper ceramic disk including a first set of holes and a second set of holes; and
a lower ceramic disk bonded to the upper ceramic disk, the lower ceramic disk including a first set of recesses and a second set of recesses;
squib terminals that extend through the first set of holes of the upper ceramic disk of the header and are electrically connected to the squib, wherein ends of the squib terminals are received in the first set of recesses of the lower ceramic disk of the header; and
battery terminals that extend through the second set of holes of the upper ceramic disk of the header and are electrically connected to the at least one cell, wherein ends of the battery terminals are received in the second set of recesses of the lower ceramic disk of the header;
wherein at least a portion of each of the container and the header is formed of a ceramic material that is non-porous and electrically-non-conductive.
9. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , wherein the squib terminals and the battery terminals are attached to the ceramic material of the header without glass seals between the terminals and the ceramic material.
10. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , wherein an outer periphery of the header includes a metalized portion that is welded to the container to form the sealed compartment.
11. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , wherein the ceramic material includes Al 2 O 3 .
12. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , wherein the container is formed of the ceramic material that is non-porous and electrically-non-conductive.
13. The thermal battery according to claim 12 , wherein each of the header and the container includes metalized portions that are welded together to form the sealed compartment.
14. The thermal battery according to claim 12 , wherein the ceramic material includes Al 2 O 3 .
15. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , further comprising a first metal ring bonded to a side of the enclosure.
16. The thermal battery according to claim 15 , further comprising a second metal ring bonded to a top of the enclosure at a periphery of the enclosure, wherein the first metal ring and the second metal ring are welded to each other to form a sealed enclosure.
17. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , further comprising a first metal ring bonded to a top surface of the container.
18. The thermal battery according to claim 17 , further comprising a second metal ring bonded to a top of the header at a periphery of the header, wherein the first metal ring and the second metal ring are welded to each other to form the sealed compartment.
19. The thermal battery according to claim 8 , wherein the ceramic material includes Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , CaO, MgO, Na 2 O, Fe 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , K 2 O, and BaO.
20. The thermal battery according to claim 19 , wherein the percent weight of the ceramic material is
Al 2 O 3 95.8%,
SiO 2 2.79%,
CaO 0.32%,
MgO 0.97%,
Na 2 O 0.04%,
Fe 2 O 3 0.05%,
TiO 2 <0.01%,
ZrO 2 <0.01%,
K 2 O<0.01%, and
BaO<0.01%.