Method for making lithographic printing plates

1. A method for forming a lithographic printing plate, the method comprising:

imagewise exposing a positive-working lithographic printing plate precursor with infrared radiation to form an imaged precursor comprising exposed regions and non-exposed regions, and

processing the imaged precursor to remove the exposed regions using a processing solution to provide a lithographic printing plate,

wherein the positive-working lithographic printing plate precursor comprises:

a grained and anodized aluminum-containing substrate,

a first ink receptive layer that is disposed over the grained and anodized aluminum-containing substrate, the first ink receptive layer comprising at least one water-insoluble, alkali solution-soluble or -dispersible first resin,

a second ink receptive layer disposed over the first receptive layer, the second ink receptive layer being an outermost layer in the positive-working lithographic printing plate precursor, and comprising a second resin that is a phenolic resin that is different from the water-insoluble, alkali solution-soluble or -dispersible first resin, and thermally inert inorganic particles that are present in an amount of at least 2 weight % and up to and including 20 weight %, based on the total dry weight of the second ink receptive layer, which thermally inert inorganic particles have an average particle size of at least 0.5 nm and up to and including 500 nm, and

an infrared radiation absorber in an amount of at least 0.5 weight %, in either or both of the first ink receptive layer and the second ink receptive layer,

wherein the processing solution contains a metal cation M 2+ selected from barium, calcium, strontium, and zinc cations, has a pH of at least 12, is substantially free of silicate, and is optionally substantially free of reducing sugar, and wherein the processing solution further comprises one or more quaternary ammonium salts or one or more phosphonium salts.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second resin is a phenolic polyvinyl acetal resin.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second ink receptive layer further comprises thermally inert organic polymer particles that are present in an amount of at least 0.1 weight % and up to and including 5 weight %, based on the total dry weight of the second ink receptive layer, which thermally inert organic polymer particles have an average particle size in μm that is at least 1.5 times average dry coating weight of the second ink receptive layer in g/m 2 .

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the positive-working lithographic printing plate precursor further comprises:

a poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) interlayer, optionally comprising phosphoric acid or a salt thereof comprising aluminum cation, disposed directly on the grained and anodized aluminum-containing substrate.

5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) interlayer has been derived by treating the grained and anodized aluminum-containing substrate with a solution comprising poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) and phosphoric acid.

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the infrared radiation absorber is present only in the second ink receptive layer.

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second ink receptive layer further comprises a third water-insoluble, alkali-soluble or -dispersable resin that comprises a polysiloxane unit segment in a polyurethane or polyurethane urea backbone or side chain.

8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing solution comprises at least 0.0001 gram-atom/kg of a metal cation M 2+ selected from the group consisting of barium, calcium, strontium, and zinc cations.

9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the metal cation M 2+ is present in the processing solution in an amount of at least 0.001 and up to and including 0.01 gram-atom/kg.

10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the processing solution further comprising a chelating agent that has a complex formation constant (log K) for the barium, calcium, strontium, or zinc M 2+ metal cation of at least 3.5 and less than or equal to 4.5, and a complex formation constant (log K) for aluminum ion of 7 or less.

11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the processing solution further comprises a chelating agent that is a phosphono-polycarboxylic acid.

12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing solution comprises 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid.

13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing solution comprises an alkali metal hydroxide as an alkali agent.

14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing solution comprises a cationic surfactant.

15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the processing solution has a pH of at least 12.5 and up to and including 14, calcium or strontium metal cations, a sodium or potassium hydroxide, 2-phosphonobutane-1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, and a cationic surfactant.

16. The method of claim 1 , further comprising baking the lithographic printing plate after the processing.

17. The method of claim 7 , wherein the third water-insoluble, alkali-soluble or -dispersible resin further comprises a substituent having an acidic hydrogen atom.

18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first ink receptive layer comprise water-insoluble, alkali solution-soluble or -dispersible first resin that comprises recurring units comprising pendant tetrazole groups or recurring units derived from an alkoxymethyl (meth)acrylamide.