Signal filtering
A signal filter ( 100 ) comprises a first transferred impedance filter, TIF, (TIF A ) having four differential signal paths (P A,1 , P A,2 , P A,3 , P A,4 ) and a second TIF (TIF B ) having four differential signal paths (P B,1 , P B,2 , P B,3 , P B,4 )- A first differential signal port of the first TIF ( 32 A ) is coupled to a first differential signal port of the second TIF ( 32 B ). A first clock generator ( 12 A ) is arranged to provide first-TIF clock signals (CLK A,I+ , CLK A,Q+ , CLK A,I− , CLK A,Q− ) having four non-overlapping phases for selecting the respective first-TIF differential signal paths (P A,1 , P A,2 , P A,3 , P A,4 ), and a second clock generator ( 12 B ) is arranged to provide second-TIF clock signals (CLK B,I+ , CLK B,Q+ , CLK B,J− , CLK B,Q− ) having four non-overlapping phases for selecting the respective second-TIF differential signal paths (P B,1 , P B,2 , P B,3 , P B,4 ). The phases of the second-TIF clock signals (CLK B,I+ , CLK B,Q+ , CLK B,I− , CLK B,Q− ) are equal to the phases of the first-TIF clock signals (CLK A,I+ , CLK A,Q+ , CLK A,I− , CLK A,Q− ) delayed by 45 degrees. The first-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals (CLK A,I+ , CLK A,Q+ , CLK A,I− , CLK AQ− ) and the second-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals (CLK B,I+ , CLK B,Q+ , CLK B,I− , CLK B,Q− ) have a duty cycle in the range 16.75% to 25%.
1. A signal filter comprising:
a first transferred impedance filter, TIF, having first, second, third and fourth first-TIF differential signal paths;
a second TIF having first, second, third and fourth second-TIF differential signal paths;
a first differential signal input port of the first TIF coupled in parallel to a first differential signal input port of the second TIF;
a first clock generator arranged to provide first-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals having non-overlapping phases for respectively selecting the first, second, third and fourth first-TIF differential signal paths via eight switch elements of the first TIF; and
a second clock generator arranged to provide second-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals having non-overlapping phases for respectively selecting the first, second, third and fourth second-TIF differential signal paths via eight switch elements of the second TIF;
wherein the phases of the second-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals are respectively equal to the phases of the first-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals delayed by 45 degrees; and
wherein the first-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals and the second-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals each have a duty cycle in the range of 16.75% to 25%.
2. A signal filter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals and the second-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals each have a duty cycle in the range of 20% to 25%.
3. A signal filter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals and the second-TIF first, second, third and fourth clock signals each have a duty cycle in the range of 16.75% to 20.75%.
4. A signal filter as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:
first component paths of the first, second, third and fourth first-TIF differential signal paths of the positive component of the first differential signal input port of the first TIF are respectively connected to a first component, a second component, a third component and a fourth component of a second signal port of the first TIF;
second component paths of the first, second, third and fourth first-TIF differential signal paths of the negative component of the first differential signal input port of the first TIF are respectively connected to the third, fourth, first and second components of the second signal port of the first TIF;
wherein the first component paths of the first, second, third and fourth first-TIF differential signal paths are respectively selected by means of first-TIF first, second, third and fourth switch elements of the eight switch elements of the first TIF and the second component paths of the first, second, third and fourth first-TIF differential signal paths are respectively selected by means of first-TIF fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth switch elements of the eight switch elements of the first TIF;
first component paths of the first, second, third and fourth second-TIF differential signal paths of the positive component of the first differential signal input port of the second TIF are respectively connected to a first component, a second component, a third component and a fourth component of a second signal port of the second TIF;
second component paths of the first, second, third and fourth second-TIF differential signal paths of the negative component of the first differential signal input port of the second TIF are respectively connected to the third, fourth, first and second components of the second signal port of the second TIF;
wherein the first component paths of the first, second, third and fourth second-TIF differential signal paths are respectively selected by means of second-TIF first, second, third and fourth switch elements of the eight switch elements of the second TIF and the second component paths of the first, second, third and fourth second-TIF differential signal paths are respectively selected by means of second-TIF fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth switch elements of the eight switch elements of the second TIF.
5. A signal filter as claimed in claim 4 , wherein
the first TIF further comprises first-TIF first, second, third and fourth capacitive elements coupled between a ground and, respectively, the first, second, third and fourth components of the second signal port of the first TIF; and
the second TIF further comprises second-TIF first, second, third and fourth capacitive elements coupled between the ground and, respectively, the first, second, third and fourth components of the second signal port of the second TIF.
6. A signal filter as claimed in claim 4 , further comprising:
a first transconductance amplifier configured to deliver to the second component of the second signal port of the first TIF as a first current dependent on a voltage difference of the first and third components of the second signal port of the first TIF, and to deliver to the fourth component of the second signal port of the first TIF as a second current dependent on a voltage difference of the first and third components of the second signal port of the first TIF;
a second transconductance amplifier configured to deliver to the first component of the second signal port of the first TIF as a third current dependent on a voltage difference of the second and fourth components of the second signal port of the first TIF, and to deliver to the third component of the second signal port of the first TIF as a fourth current dependent on a voltage difference of the second and fourth components of the second signal port of the first TIF;
a third transconductance amplifier configured to deliver to the second component of the second signal port of the second TIF as a fifth current dependent on a voltage difference of the first and third components of the second signal port of the second TIF, and to deliver to the fourth component of the second signal port of the second TIF as a sixth current dependent on a voltage difference of the first and third components of the second signal port of the second TIF; and
a fourth transconductance amplifier configured to deliver to the first component of the second signal port of the second TIF as a seventh current dependent on a voltage difference of the second and fourth components of the second signal port of the second TIF, and to deliver to the third component of the second signal port of the second TIF as an eighth current dependent on a voltage difference of the second and fourth components of the second signal port of the second TIF.
7. A down-conversion mixer comprising a signal filter as claimed in claim 4 , for down-converting an input signal applied to the first differential signal input port of the first TIF and to the first differential signal input port of the second TIF, and the down-conversion mixer further comprising a combining stage configured to:
generate a first output signal at a first output of the combining stage by adding voltages of the first and second components of the second signal port of the first TIF times a first gain and adding a voltage of the first component of the second signal port of the second TIF times a second gain, subtracting voltages of the third and fourth components of the second signal port of the first TIF times the first gain and subtracting a voltage of the third component of the second signal port of the second TIF times the second gain; and
generate a second output signal at a second output of the combining stage by adding voltages of the second and third components of the second signal port of the first TIF times the first gain and adding a voltage of the second component of the second signal port of the second TIF times the second gain, subtracting voltages of the first and fourth components of the second signal port of the first TIF times the first gain and subtracting a voltage of the fourth component of the second signal port of the second TIF times the second gain;
wherein the second gain is in the range of 1.3 to 1.6 times the first gain.
8. A down-conversion mixer as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the second gain is equal to the first gain times 1.5.
9. A down-conversion mixer as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the second gain is equal to the first gain times the square root of two.
10. A wireless communication apparatus comprising a signal filter as claimed in claim 1 .
11. A method of filtering a signal using a first 4-differential-path transferred impedance filter, TIF, having a first differential signal input port coupled in parallel to a first differential signal input port of a second 4-differential-path transferred impedance filter, the method comprising:
selecting respective differential signal paths of the first 4-differential-path transferred impedance filter with eight switch elements of the first transferred impedance filter controlled by first-TIF clock signals having four non-overlapping phases; and
selecting respective differential signal paths of the second 4-differential-path transferred impedance filter with eight switch elements of the second transferred impedance filter controlled by second-TIF clock signals having four non-overlapping phases;
wherein the phases of the second-TIF clock signals are respectively equal to the phases of the first-TIF clock signals delayed by 45 degrees; and
wherein the first-TIF first clock signals and the second-TIF clock signals each have a duty cycle in the range of 16.75% to 25%.