Nanoparticulates and a linear polymer delivery system
Methods and compositions are provided for the efficient and beneficial use of nanoparticulates, such as carbon nanotubes. In various embodiments, a nanoparticulate entrapped in a linear polymer, where the linear polymer is formed in the presence of the nanoparticulate, is provided. The entrapped nanoparticulate provides an efficient means to introduce nanoparticulates into compositions, such as resins and fiber-reinforced resins, allowing for increased dispersion and beneficial properties.
1. A method for uniformly dispersing a carbon nanoparticulate within a resin, the method comprising
adding the carbon nanoparticulate to at least one of a monomeric first polymer precursor or reactant;
combining the first polymer precursor or reactant containing the carbon nanoparticulate with at least a monomeric second polymer precursor or reactant, and
subjecting the combination to conditions sufficient to initiate polymerization and production of a substantially linear polymer, such that the carbon nanoparticulate is entrapped within the resulting substantially linear polymer, to result in a master batch, and mixing the master batch with the resin, such that uniform dispersion of the carbon nanoparticulates is achieved.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the substantially linear polymer is at least one of an epoxy resin, an epoxy vinyl ester, a polyurethane, or a polyester.
3. The method of claim 1 further comprising the addition of a modifier at any time point, wherein the modifier terminates the polymerization reaction.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the addition of the carbon nanoparticulate further comprises the use of conjugate polymers selected from the group consisting of polyphenylene ethynylenes (PPEs), polythiophene, polyanaline, polypyrroles, and combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one of the monomeric first polymer precursor or reactant or monomeric second polymer precursor or reactant is a curing agent, and the curing agent is added into the reaction at 30% to 100% by weight of the curing agent calculated by the stoichiometry.
6. A composition comprising a substantially linear polymer and a carbon nanoparticulate, wherein the substantially linear polymer was formed from at least a monomeric first polymer precursor or reactant and a monomeric second polymer precursor or reactant in the presence of the carbon nanoparticulate.
7. The composition of claim 6 wherein the composition is a master batch.
8. The composition of claim 6 , wherein the substantially linear polymer is made from:
a) reaction between epoxy monomer(s) and curing agents in the presence of carbon nanoparticulates;
b) reaction between epoxy monomer(s) and curing agents, in the presence of carbon nanoparticulates, followed by reaction with acrylic/methacrylic acid and/or a double bond containing acid compounds;
c) reaction between isocyanate monomer(s) and polyol curing agents, in the presence of carbon nanoparticulates; or
d) reaction between di-carboxylic acid monomer(s) and diol curing agents, in the presence of carbon nanoparticulates.
9. The composition of claim 8 wherein in a),
the epoxy monomer(s) are selected from bisphenol A and F not limited to diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and F; modified diglycidyl ether of Bisphenol A and F, cycloaliphatic, 1,4-butanediol diglycidyl ether, HDGE, neopentyl glycol diglycidyl ether, and dimmer acid diglycidyl ester, Heloxy modifiers selected from the group consisting of Heloxy 8, Heloxy 61, Heloxy 116, Heloxy 62, Heloxy 65, Heloxy 48, Heloxy 67, Heloxy 68, Heloxy 107, Heloxy 71 and Heloxy 505, and Cardura E10P; and
the curing agents are selected from primary amino compounds, cyclohexylamine, cyclopentylamine, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanedio, (±)-3-Amino-1,2-propanediol, 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, aniline, substituted anilines, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, Isopropylamine, and poly ether amine.
10. The composition of claim 6 wherein the carbon nanoparticulates are selected from carbon nanotubes, nanographene, fullerenes, or a combination thereof, from 1% to 50% in wt %.
11. The composition of claim 8 wherein in c),
the isocyanate is a di-isocyanate and/or the isocyanate is aromatic, aliphatic, or a combination thereof; and
the polyol curing agent is an aliphatic diol, aromatic diol, or a combination diol, and is selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, and/or neopentyl glycol.
12. The composition of claim 8 wherein in d),
the di-carboxylic acid is aliphatic, aromatic, and combinations thereof; and
the diol curing agents are aliphatic, aromatic, and combinations thereof, and selected from ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,4-butylene glycol, polypropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, and/or neopentyl glycol.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the resin is a fiber reinforced polymer composite, and the carbon nanoparticulate is in a range from 1% to 50% v/v, and wherein the fiber is selected from the group consisting of carbon, glass, Kevlar, natural, man-made, and combinations thereof, and wherein fiber comprises between 10% v/v and 65% v/v of the fiber reinforced polymer composite comprising carbon nanoparticulates.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the carbon nanoparticulates are both functionalized and unfunctionalized.
15. The method of claim 13 wherein the fiber reinforced polymer composite comprises fiber preforms which are chopped or woven fiber mats.
16. The method of claim 3 wherein the modifier is mono-functional and favors the production of a linear polymer.