Hybrid-organic X-ray detector with conductive channels
A detector for high-energy radiation, e.g., for x-radiation and/or UV radiation, may include (a) a substrate having a first electrical contact, (b) optionally a first intermediate layer, (c) a layer including an organic matrix of a photoactive material and insoluble scintillator particles distributed substantially homogeneously in the organic matrix, (d) optionally a second intermediate layer, and (e) a second electrical contact, wherein the mixture ratio between the scintillator particles and the organic matrix in layer (c) is selected in such a way that the intermediate space filled with the organic matrix has a distance between two scintillator particles that corresponds to at most five times the depth of penetration of the emitted radiation of the scintillator particles. A method for producing a corresponding detector is also disclosed.
1. A detector for high-energy radiation, including:
a substrate with a first electrical contact;
an active layer including an organic matrix made of a photoactive material and non-soluble scintillator particles essentially distributed homogeneously therein, and
a second electrical contact,
wherein the scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by areas of the organic matrix, and
wherein a mixing ratio between the scintillator particles and the organic matrix in the active layer is selected such that:
(a) adjacent pairs of scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by a maximum distance of five times a depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle; and
(b) a cumulative thickness of the organic matrix between the two contacts is at least three times the depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle.
2. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the scintillator particles have a diameter of 0.01 Ξm to 50 μm.
3. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the distance between two scintillator particles is between 30 nm and 3000 nm.
4. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the photoactive material comprises a donor/acceptor mixture.
5. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the material of the organic matrix is highly resistive in a non-irradiated state of the detector and becomes conductive through irradiation of the detector.
6. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the distance between adjacent pairs scintillator particles is less than three times the depth of penetration of the radiation emitted by the scintillator particles.
7. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the material of the organic matrix absorbs radiation in a wavelength range in which the scintillator particles emit radiation.
8. The detector of claim 1 , wherein a total mass of the scintillator particles is at least 8 times greater than a total mass of the organic matrix.
9. The detector of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first electrical contact and the second electrical contact includes a material that reflects the radiation emitted by the scintillator particles.
10. The detector of claim 1 , further comprising:
a first intermediate layer between the substrate and the first electrical contact; and
a second intermediate layer between the active layer and the second electrical contact.
11. The detector of claim 1 , wherein the distance between two scintillator particles is between 100 and 900 nm.
12. A method for producing a detector for high-energy radiation, the method including:
providing a substrate with a first electrical contact;
forming and active layer directly or indirectly over the substrate and including an organic matrix of a photoactive material and non-soluble scintillator particles distributed homogeneously therein;
forming a second electrical contact directly or indirectly over the active layer;
wherein the active layer is formed with a mixing ratio between the scintillator particles and the organic matrix such that:
(a) adjacent pairs of scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by a maximum distance of five times a depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle; and
(b) a cumulative thickness of the organic matrix between the two contacts is at least three times the depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the scintillator particles have a diameter of 0.01 Ξm to 50 μm.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein a total mass of the scintillator particles is at least 8 times greater than a total mass of the organic matrix.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein forming the active layer comprises:
producing a suspension that includes scintillator particles, at least one organic semiconductor, and at least one solvent,
applying the suspension by knife-, spin- or spray-coating.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the suspension is continuously mixed or stirred during processing.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein forming the active layer comprises applying a powder consisting of scintillator particles encased in at least one organic semiconductor.
18. The method of claim 12 , further comprising:
forming a first intermediate layer between the substrate and the first electrical contact; and
forming a second intermediate layer between the active layer and the second electrical contact.
19. A detector for high-energy radiation, including:
a substrate with a first electrical contact;
an active layer including an organic matrix made of a photoactive material and non-soluble scintillator particles essentially distributed homogeneously therein, and
a second electrical contact,
wherein the scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by areas of the organic matrix, and
wherein a mixing ratio between the scintillator particles and the organic matrix in the active layer is selected such that adjacent pairs of scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by a maximum distance of five times a depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle; and
wherein a total mass of the scintillator particles is at least 8 times greater than a total mass of the organic matrix.
20. The detector of claim 19 , wherein the total mass of the scintillator particles is between 8 and 75 times greater than a total mass of the organic matrix, inclusive.
21. A method for producing a detector for high-energy radiation, the method including:
providing a substrate with a first electrical contact;
forming and active layer directly or indirectly over the substrate and including an organic matrix of a photoactive material and non-soluble scintillator particles distributed homogeneously therein;
forming a second electrical contact directly or indirectly over the active layer;
wherein the active layer is formed with a mixing ratio between the scintillator particles and the organic matrix such that adjacent pairs of scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by a maximum distance of five times a depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle; and
wherein a total mass of the scintillator particles is at least 8 times greater than a total mass of the organic matrix.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the total mass of the scintillator particles is between 8 and 75 times greater than a total mass of the organic matrix, inclusive.
23. A detector for high-energy radiation, including:
a substrate;
a first electrical contact;
a first intermediate layer between the substrate and the first electrical contact;
an active layer including an organic matrix made of a photoactive material and non-soluble scintillator particles essentially distributed homogeneously therein;
a second electrical contact; and
a second intermediate layer between the active layer and the second electrical contact;
wherein the scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by areas of the organic matrix, and
wherein a mixing ratio between the scintillator particles and the organic matrix in the active layer is selected such that adjacent pairs of scintillator particles are spaced apart from each other by a maximum distance of five times a depth of penetration of radiation emitted by an individual scintillator particle.
24. The detector of claim 23 , wherein at least one of the first intermediate layer and the second first intermediate layer includes coated scintillator particles.