Prosthesis

1. A method of producing a prosthesis for vertebrae comprising providing a mathematical model for designing a prosthesis used to simulate kinematics of an intervertebral disk, using the mathematical model to produce a prosthesis comprising an upper part, a lower part, and a middle part, which prosthesis simulates kinematics of an intervertebral disk and wherein the upper part when the prosthesis is attached to upper and lower vertebrae simulates rotational and translational movements possible with an intervertebral disk.

2. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the simulation provided by the prosthesis includes tilting of the upper part relative to the anatomical centre of rotation of the lower vertebral disk and translational movement forward and back to an extent permissible for an upper vertebrae with an intervertebral disk.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2 wherein the prosthesis has an equilibrium position offset with respect to a central vertical axis through one of the prosthesis or anatomical central axis.

4. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the prosthesis upper part has a lower surface portion with a first radius of curvature, the middle part has an upper surface portion with a second radius of curvature and a lower surface portion with a third radius of curvature and the lower part has an upper surface portion with a fourth radius of curvature, wherein the centre of the radius of curvature for at least two surfaces is offset rearwardly with respect to a central vertical axis through the upper and lower parts.

5. The method as claimed in claim 1 wherein the middle part has an upper convex surface and a lower concave surface or an upper concave surface and a lower concave surface.

6. A method of producing a prosthesis for vertebrae comprising:

providing a mathematical model for designing a prosthesis used to simulate kinematics of an intervertebral disk;

using the mathematical model to produce a prosthesis comprising an upper part, a lower part, and a middle part, which prosthesis simulates kinematics of an intervertebral disk and wherein movement of the upper part with respect to the lower part when the prosthesis is attached to upper and lower vertebrae simulates rotational and translational movements possible with an intervertebral disk.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the upper part has a lower surface portion with a first radius of curvature, the middle part has an upper surface portion with a second radius of curvature and a lower surface portion with a third radius of curvature, and the lower part has an upper surface portion with a fourth radius of curvature, and wherein the center of the radius of curvature for at least two surfaces is offset rearwardly with respect to a central vertical axis through the upper and lower parts.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the prosthesis upper part has a lower surface portion with a first radius of curvature, the middle part has an upper surface portion with a second radius of curvature and a lower surface portion with a third radius of curvature, and the lower part has an upper surface portion with a fourth radius of curvature, and wherein the first radius of curvature is larger than the fourth radius of curvature.

9. The method of claim 6 , wherein said upper surface portion of said lower part and said lower surface portion of said middle part are configured to allow both rotational and translational movement between said middle part and said lower part, and wherein said lower surface portion of said upper part and said upper surface portion of said middle part are configured to allow rotational but not translational movement between said upper part and said middle part.

10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the upper part has a convex lower surface, the lower part has a convex upper surface, and wherein the middle part has an upper concave surface and a lower concave surface.

11. A method of producing a prosthesis for vertebrae comprising:

providing a mathematical model for designing a prosthesis used to simulate kinematics of an intervertebral disk;

using the mathematical model to produce a prosthesis comprising a first part configured to be secured to a first vertebrae, a second part configured to be secured to a second vertebrae, and a middle part positioned between the first part and the second part, which prosthesis simulates kinematics of an intervertebral disk and wherein movement of the first part with respect to the second part when the prosthesis is attached to upper and lower vertebrae simulates rotational and translational movements possible with an intervertebral disk.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the first part has a first part surface portion with a first radius of curvature, the second part has a second part surface portion with a second radius of curvature, wherein each of the first and second radii of curvature is offset rearwardly with respect to a central vertical axis through the upper and lower parts.

13. The method of claim 11 , wherein said second part and said middle part are configured to allow both rotational and translational movement between said second part and said middle part, and wherein said first part and said middle part are configured to allow rotational but not translational movement between said first part and said middle part.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein said first part is an upper part, said second part is a lower part, and wherein the first part has a convex lower surface, the second part has a convex upper surface, and wherein the middle part has an upper concave surface and a lower concave surface.