Method for characterizing a liquid
A characteristic of a liquid is measured by providing a surface having a monolayer of a voltage sensitive chromophore that is covalently bound to the surface. The liquid is brought into contact with the surface and it is irradiated with actinic radiation to measure a first fluorescence emission spectrum. A solution of the voltage sensitive chromophore dissolved in a sample of the liquid is also irradiated with actinic radiation and a second fluorescence emission spectrum is measured. The first and second fluorescence emission spectra are compared to determine the characteristic of the liquid.
1. A method for determining a characteristic of a liquid, comprising:
providing a surface having a reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group covalently attached thereon;
providing a voltage sensitive chromophore precursor including a p-substituted dialkylamino aryl group that is conjugativeiy linked to a terminal N-containing heterocyclic aromatic group;
reacting the voltage sensitive chromophore precursor with the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group that is covalently attached to the surface to form a monolayer of a voltage sensitive chromophore that is covalently bound to the surface;
bringing the liquid into contact with the monolayer of the covalently bound voltage sensitive chromophore;
irradiating the monolayer of the covalently bound voltage sensitive chromophore with actinic radiation while it is in contact with the liquid and measuring a first fluorescence emission spectrum;
providing a voltage sensitive chromophore solution of the voltage sensitive chromophore dissolved in a sample of the liquid;
irradiating the voltage sensitive chromophore solution with actinic radiation and measuring a second fluorescence emission spectrum; and
comparing the first and second fluorescence emission spectra to determine a characteristic of the liquid; wherein comparing the first and second fluorescence emission spectra includes performing a mathematical analysis to characterize a difference between the first and second fluorescence emission spectra, and wherein the determined characteristic of the liquid is a dielectric constant of the liquid, a polarizability of the liquid, an electric susceptibility of the liquid, or an identity of the liquid.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group includes a benzyl halide group.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the N-containing heterocyclic aromatic group is a pyridinyl group.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the voltage sensitive chromophore is a reaction product where the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group is bonded to the terminal N-containing heterocyclic aromatic group of the voltage sensitive chromophore precursor.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid is acetone, methanol, water or chloroform.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mathematical analysis to characterize the difference between the first and second fluorescence emission spectra includes:
determining a position of a first spectral peak for the first fluorescence emission spectrum;
determining a position of a second spectral peak for the second fluorescence emission spectrum; and
wherein the characteristic of the liquid is determined responsive to a wavelength difference or a wave number difference between the positions of the first and second spectral peaks.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mathematical analysis to characterize the difference between the first and second fluorescence emission spectra includes:
specifying first and second wavelengths;
determining a first intensity ratio between a value of the first fluorescence emission spectrum at the first wavelength and a value of the first fluorescence emission spectrum at the second wavelength;
determining a second intensity ratio between a value of the second fluorescence emission spectrum at the first wavelength and a value of the second fluorescence emission spectrum at the second wavelength; and
wherein the characteristic of the liquid is determined responsive to the first and second intensity ratios.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface having the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group covalently attached thereon is formed by:
providing a solution including the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group;
providing a surface capable of reacting with the reactive aromatic linking group; and
bringing the solution into contact with the surface, thereby reacting the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group with the surface to attach the reactive carbocyclic aromatic linking group to the surface with a covalent linkage.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the liquid is water, methanol, ethanol or chloroform.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is a silica surface or a polymer surface.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface is non-biological.