Glass manufacturing process
In a process for manufacturing glass, a mixture of solid glass-forming materials may be melted by application of heat from one or more submerged combustion burners to produce a volume of unrefined molten glass comprising, by volume, 20% to 40% gas bubbles. A refining agent may be introduced into the unrefined molten glass to promote gas bubble removal from the molten glass. The unrefined molten glass including the refining agent may be heated at a temperature in the range of 1200° C. to 1500° C. to produce a volume of refined molten glass. The refined molten glass may comprise, by volume, fewer gas bubbles than the unrefined molten glass. A colorant material may be introduced into the refined molten glass to produce a volume of molten glass having a final desired color.
1. A process for manufacturing glass comprising:
providing a glass batch comprising a mixture of solid glass-forming materials and being free of chemical refining agents;
melting the glass batch in a melting chamber by application of heat from one or more submerged combustion burners to produce a volume of unrefined molten glass comprising, by volume, 20% to 40% gas bubbles;
directing the unrefined molten glass from the melting chamber into a downstream treatment chamber including a refining section comprising up to the first 50% of a length of the treatment chamber;
introducing a refining agent directly into the unrefined molten glass at a location between outside the melting chamber and an end of the refining section to promote gas bubble removal from the molten glass; and
heating the unrefined molten glass including the refining agent in the refining section of the treatment chamber at a temperature in the range of 1200° C. to 1500° C. to produce a volume of refined molten glass, the refined molten glass comprising, by volume, fewer gas bubbles than the unrefined molten glass.
2. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the glass batch contains, by weight, less than 0.1% refining agents selected from the group consisting of: sulfur-containing materials, sulfate compounds, arsenic oxides, antimony oxides, cerium oxides, and metal halide salts.
3. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent is formulated to promote gas bubble removal from the unrefined molten glass by generating additional gas bubbles in the unrefined molten glass or by increasing the size of gas bubbles existing in the unrefined molten glass.
4. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the glass batch is melted in the melting chamber at a temperature in the range of 1200° C. to 1500° C.
5. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent is introduced by injection directly into the unrefined molten glass in the refining section of the treatment chamber.
6. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent is introduced directly into the unrefined molten glass in a passageway located between the melting chamber and the treatment chamber.
7. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent is introduced directly into the unrefined molten glass at a turbulent location downstream of the melting chamber within the first 60% of a length of the refining section of the treatment chamber.
8. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent is introduced into the unrefined molten glass in an amount constituting, by weight, between 0.001% and 0.1% of the unrefined molten glass.
9. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of: aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), gallium (Ga), beryllium (Be), boron (B), calcium (Ca), chromium (Cr), germanium (Ge), indium (In), iron (Fe), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), mercury (Hg), niobium (Nb), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), carbon (C), and/or hydrogen (H).
10. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises at least one oxide, nitride, carbide, or oxynitride of silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), beryllium (Be), boron (B), calcium (Ca), carbon (C), chromium (Cr), sulfur (S), germanium (Ge), indium (In), iron (Fe), lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), mercury (Hg), niobium (Nb), phosphorus (P), silver (Ag), sodium (Na), strontium (Sr), tantalum (Ta), titanium (Ti), tungsten (W), uranium (U), vanadium (V), yttrium (Y), zinc (Zn), zirconium (Zr), hafnium (Hf), and molybdenum (Mo).
11. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises at least one nitride and at least one carbide.
12. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises silicon nitride and silicon carbide.
13. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises a solid powder having a mean particle diameter in the range of 0.1 micrometers to 1000 micrometers.
14. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the solid powder comprises a plurality of particles of different sizes or different shapes.
15. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises a molten metal, a molten metal compound, or a liquid organic compound.
16. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refining agent comprises a gaseous material selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H 2 ), nitrogen (N 2 ), and combinations thereof.
17. The process set forth in claim 1 including:
forming glass articles from the molten glass.
18. The process set forth in claim 1 wherein the refined molten glass comprises from 0 to 0.1 volume % bubbles.
19. A process for manufacturing glass comprising:
providing a glass batch comprising a mixture of solid glass-forming materials and being free of chemical refining agents;
melting the glass batch in a melting chamber via application of heat from one or more submerged combustion burners to produce a volume of unrefined molten glass comprising, by volume, 20% to 40% gas bubbles;
directing the unrefined molten glass from the melting chamber into a treatment chamber including a refining section and a color control section located downstream of the refining section;
introducing a refining agent directly into the unrefined molten glass at a location between outside of the melting chamber and outside of the color control section to promote gas bubble removal from the unrefined molten glass;
heating the unrefined molten glass including the refining agent in the refining section of the treatment chamber at a temperature in the range of 1200° C. to 1500° C. to produce a volume of refined molten glass, the refined molten glass comprising, by volume, fewer gas bubbles than the unrefined molten glass;
introducing a colorant material into the refined molten glass from the refining section in the color control section of the treatment chamber to produce a volume of refined molten glass having a final desired color; and then
forming glass articles from the refined molten glass.
20. The process set forth in claim 19 wherein the refining agent is a reducing agent.
21. The process set forth in claim 20 wherein the refining agent comprises at least one element or compound selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), tin (Sn), and carbon (C).
22. The process set forth in claim 20 wherein the colorant material is an oxidizing agent, and wherein the colorant material comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of sulfur-containing materials, sulfate compounds, arsenic oxides, antimony oxides, and cerium oxides.
23. The process set forth in claim 19 wherein the colorant material is introduced into the refined molten glass in an amount constituting, by weight, between 0.5% and 3% of the refined molten glass.