Magnetic field sensor providing a movement detector

1. A magnetic field sensor for sensing a movement of a target object, the target object having a plurality of target features operable to move in response to the movement of the target object, the movement of each one of the plurality of target features in an x-z plane with x-y-z Cartesian coordinates with x, y, and z orthogonal axes, the target object having a rotation axis and capable of rotation about the rotation axis to a plurality of positions of the target object including a first target position, the rotation axis parallel to the y-axis, the magnetic field sensor comprising:

a substrate having a major planar surface, wherein a line parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate intersects the rotation axis of the target object, and wherein the major planar surface of the substrate is within twenty degrees of parallel to the x-z plane;

more than two magnetic field sensing elements disposed upon the major planar surface of the substrate, wherein an axis passing through any two of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements does not intersect the target object, the more than two magnetic field sensing elements having respective maximum response axes, each maximum response axis parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate, wherein each individual one of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements is responsive to each one of the plurality of target features as the target object moves, wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements are configured to generate a respective more than two magnetic field signals; and

an electronic circuit disposed upon the substrate and coupled to the more than two magnetic field sensing elements, the electronic circuit comprising:

at least one analog or digital comparator, wherein, when the target object is at the first target object position, the at least one analog or digital comparator is configured to compare each of the more than two magnetic field signals to a respective more than two different threshold values to generate more than two binary signals, respectively, wherein states of the more than two binary signals are each indicative of a position of the target object relative to the more than two magnetic field sensing elements for any movement speed of the target object including zero movement speed;

a threshold calculation module coupled to receive the at least two magnetic field signals, the threshold calculation module configured to generate the more than two threshold values indicative of amplitudes of the more than two magnetic field signals, respectively; and

a nonvolatile memory device operable to store the more than two threshold values as more than two stored threshold values, wherein, the non-volatile memory device is further operable to provide the more than two stored threshold values to the at least one analog or digital comparator.

2. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 , wherein the electronic circuit further comprises:

a decoder coupled to the more than two binary signals, wherein the decoder is operable to decode the more than two binary signals to generate a device output signal indicative of the plurality of positions of the target object.

3. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the decoder comprises:

a non-volatile memory device coupled to the more than two binary signals and operable to generate the device output signal indicative of the plurality of positions of the target object.

4. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the device output signal is also indicative of a speed of the movement of the target object.

5. The magnetic field sensor of claim 3 , wherein the device output signal is also indicative of a direction of the movement of the target object.

6. The magnetic field sensor of claim 5 , wherein the electronic circuit further comprises:

an output protocol module operable to use the device output signal to generate an output protocol signal indicative of the speed and the direction of the movement of the target object.

7. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements comprise more than two magnetoresistance elements.

8. The magnetic field sensor of claim 7 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements have respective maximum response axes parallel to each other.

9. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the decoder is further operable to store a value indicative of a measured operational characteristic of the magnetic field sensor, wherein the stored value is stored during a first time period, and wherein the stored value is recalled and used during a second different time period after the first time period.

10. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , further comprising:

a magnet disposed proximate to the major planar surface of the substrate, the magnet having at least two poles, a line between which is parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate, wherein a line perpendicular to the major planar surface of the substrate intersects the magnet.

11. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the major planar surface of the substrate overlaps the target object such that a line perpendicular to the major planar surface of the substrate and passing through at least one of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements intersects the target object, and a line parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate is perpendicular to the rotation axis of the target object.

12. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the target object comprises a ring magnet having a plurality of alternating north and south poles, the target object to generate a magnetic field parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate.

13. The magnetic field sensor of claim 12 , wherein the major planar surface of the substrate overlaps the target object such that a line perpendicular to the major planar surface of the substrate and passing through at least one of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements intersects the target object, and a line parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate is perpendicular to the rotation axis of the target object.

14. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements are arranged such that a line passing through any two of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements is within twenty degrees of parallel to a tangent to the motion of the target object, the tangent closest to the more than two magnetic field sensing elements.

15. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements comprises a quantity of magnetic field sensing elements in a range of three to nine magnetic field sensing elements.

16. The magnetic field sensor of claim 15 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements comprise a respective more than two magnetoresistance elements.

17. The magnetic field sensor of claim 16 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements have respective maximum response axes parallel to each other.

18. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 , wherein the more than two threshold values are stored during a time period when the electronic circuit is powered down and wherein the more than two stored threshold values are provided to the at least one analog or digital comparator when the electronic circuit powers up.

19. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 , wherein the more than two threshold values are stored during a first time period, and wherein the more than two stored threshold values are provided to the at least one analog or digital comparator during a second different time period after the first time period.

20. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements comprise more than two vertical Hall Effect elements.

21. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the target object comprises a ferromagnetic gear configured to rotate.

22. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the target object comprises a ferromagnetic ring magnet configured to rotate.

23. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements are arranged in an arc proximate to the target object, and wherein maximum response axes of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements are parallel to each other.

24. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the more than two magnetic field sensing elements are arranged in an arc proximate to the target object, and wherein maximum response axes of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements are not parallel to each other.

25. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the substrate overlaps the target object such that a line perpendicular to the major surface of the substrate and passing through at least one of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements intersects the target object, and a line parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate is perpendicular to the rotation axis of the target object.

26. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the target object comprises a non-ferromagnetic conductive target object.

27. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the electronic circuit further comprises:

at least one analog-to-digital converter operable to convert the more than two magnetic field signals to generate at least one converted signal, the at least one analog or digital comparator to receive the at least one converted signal.

28. The magnetic field sensor of claim 2 , wherein the magnetic field sensor is responsive to a magnetic field generated by a magnet, wherein the magnetic field is responsive to the movement of the target object.

29. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 , further comprising:

a magnet, wherein the magnetic field sensor is responsive to a magnetic field generated by the magnet, wherein the magnetic field is responsive to the movement of the target object.

30. The magnetic field sensor of claim 29 , further comprising:

a structure surrounding the substrate and the magnet.

31. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 , wherein a line parallel to the major planar surface of the substrate intersects the target object.

32. The magnetic field sensor of claim 1 , wherein each one of the more than two threshold values is indicative of forty percent or sixty percent of a peak-to-peak value of a respective one of the at least two magnetic field signals.

33. The magnetic field sensor of claim 10 , wherein the magnet is operable to generate a magnetic field proximate to the more than two magnetic field sensing elements, wherein the magnetic field proximate to each one of the more than two magnetic field sensing elements is parallel to the major surface of the substrate.