Neuromodulation techniques

1. A modulation system comprising:

at least one energy application device, wherein the at least one energy application device is an ultrasound probe; and

a controller configured to:

focus the at least one energy application device on a first region of interest of a first tissue, the first tissue comprising a first plurality of axon terminals of respective neurons, one or more of the first plurality of axon terminals forming synapses between individual axon terminals and respective non-neuronal cells, wherein the first region of interest comprises a f first subset of the first plurality of axon terminals;

adjustably control the at least one energy application device to apply a first energy to the first region of interest to selectively modulate a first molecule of interest;

focus the at least one energy application device on a second region of interest, wherein the second region of interest comprises a second plurality of axon terminals;

adjustably control the at least one energy application device to apply a second energy to the second region of interest to selectively modulate the first molecule of interest or a second molecule of interest

cause the ultrasound probe to operate in an imaging mode configured to acquire reference image data of the first tissue and/or a second tissue before the application of the first energy or the second energy and post-treatment image data of the first tissue and/or the second tissue after the application of the first energy or the second energy; and

determine a displacement measurement of the first tissue and/or the second tissue based on a comparison of the reference image data and the post-treatment image data;

modify a modulation parameter of the first energy or the second energy based on the displacement measurement being below a threshold displacement associated with a concentration change of the first molecule.

2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to receive, from an assessment device, an input indicative of a concentration of the first molecule, a concentration of the second molecule, or both.

3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the assessment device is a blood glucose monitor.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the first region of interest is in a first organ and the second region of interest is in a second organ different than the first organ.

5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the first organ is a pancreas and the second organ is a liver.

6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the first organ is a pancreas and the second organ is a gastrointestinal tissue.

7. The system of claim 1 , wherein selective modulation of the first molecule via the first energy or the second energy comprises causing a change in a characteristic of the first molecule or a change in a concentration of the first molecule relative to a baseline concentration of the first molecule before the first or second energy is applied to the first region of interest, the second region of interest, or both.

8. The system of claim 7 , wherein selective modulation of the second molecule via the second energy comprises causing a change in a characteristic of the second molecule or a change in a concentration of the second molecule relative to a baseline concentration of the second molecule before the second energy is applied to the second region of interest.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first molecule concentration is a glucose concentration and the second molecule concentration is an insulin concentration.

10. The system of claim 9 , wherein the glucose concentration is a blood glucose concentration and the insulin concentration is a pancreatic tissue insulin concentration.

11. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first molecule concentration is a glucose concentration and the second molecule concentration is a GLP-1 concentration.

12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the glucose concentration is a blood glucose concentration and the GLP-1 concentration is a hypothalamic GLP-1 concentration.

13. The system of claim 8 , wherein the selective modulation of the first molecule comprises a change in a glucose concentration and the selective modulation of the second molecule comprises a change in a GLUT2 concentration, phosphorylation, translocation, or a combination thereof.

14. The system of claim 13 , wherein the glucose concentration is a blood glucose concentration and the GLUT2 concentration is a pancreatic tissue GLUT2 concentration.

15. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to modify the modulation parameter of the second energy based on the displacement measurement being below a threshold displacement associated with a concentration change of the second molecule.

16. A modulation system comprising:

at least one energy application device comprising an ultrasound probe configured to apply energy to a first region of interest of a first tissue in a subject, the first tissue comprising a plurality of axon terminals of respective neurons, the axon terminals forming synapses between individual axon terminals and respective no n-neuronal cells and to apply energy to a second region of interest of a second tissue in the subject; and

a controller configured to:

spatially select the first region of interest of the first tissue and the second region of interest in the second tissue;

focus the energy on the first region of interest and the second region of interest;

adjustably control application of the energy via the at least one energy application device to the first region of interest to induce preferential activation of a subset of the synapses, the subset being located in the first region of interest, to cause a first molecule concentration of a first molecule to change and control application of the energy via the at least one energy application device to the second region of interest to cause a second molecule concentration of a second molecule to change;

cause the ultrasound probe to operate in an imaging mode configured to acquire reference image data before the application of the energy and post-treatment image data after the application of the energy;

determine a displacement measurement of the first region of interest and/or the second region of interest based on a comparison of the reference image data and the post-treatment image data; and

modify a modulation parameter of the energy based on the displacement measurement being below a threshold displacement associated with a concentration change of the first molecule.

17. A modulation system comprising:

an energy application device comprising an ultrasound probe and configured to apply energy to a region of interest of a pancreas in a subject, the region of interest being a subregion of the pancreas comprising synapses between neuronal cells and respective non-neuronal cells; and

a controller configured to:

spatially select the region of interest of the pancreas;

focus the energy on the region of interest;

adjustably control application of the energy via the energy application device to the region of interest of the pancreas to induce activation at the synapses between neuronal cells and non-neuronal cells in the region of interest to selectively modulate or cause a change in concentration of one or more molecules of interest;

cause the ultrasound probe to operate in an imaging mode configured to acquire reference image data of the pancreas before the application of the energy and post-treatment image data of the pancreas after the application of the energy;

determine a displacement measurement of the pancreas based on a comparison of the reference image data and the post-treatment image data; and

modify a modulation parameter of the energy based on the displacement measurement being below a threshold displacement associated with the change in concentration of the one or more molecules.