Current control systems and methods
A system that includes an energy device having an active region configured to generate or consume electrical energy provided by an electrical current is discussed. A current limiter is disposed between the energy device and a current collector layer. The current limiter controls the current flow between the energy device and the current collector layer. A plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) are arranged in an array such that each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device. Each ECT includes a gate electrode, a drain electrode, a source electrode, and a channel disposed between the drain and the source electrodes. An electrolyte electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel such that an electrical signal at the gate electrode controls electrical conductivity of the channel. The current collector layer is a shared drain or source electrode for the ECTs.
1. A method, comprising:
depositing a first insulator layer on a current collector layer in a first striped pattern;
depositing a channel semiconductor layer in a pattern such that multiple discrete regions of the channel semiconductor layer are disposed over first non-insulated portions of the current collector layer;
depositing a solid state electrolyte layer in a pattern of multiple discrete regions such that each discrete region of the solid state electrolyte contacts a region of the channel semiconductor layer;
depositing a layer of conductive material in discrete regions such that each discrete region of the conductive material layer makes contact with a discrete region of the channel semiconductor layer; and
depositing a gate electrode layer in a pattern of discrete regions such that each discrete region of the gate electrode layer contacts a discrete region of the solid state electrolyte layer and a discrete region of the conductive material layer or the current collector layer.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
depositing a second layer of conductive material in regions that are electrically isolated from the channel semiconductor layer; and
wherein depositing the gate electrode layer comprises depositing the gate electrode layer such that each discrete region of the gate electrode layer contacts a discrete region of the solid state electrolyte layer and a discrete region of the conductive material layer or the second conductive material layer or the current collector layer.
3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising depositing a second insulator layer in a second striped pattern over the solid state electrolyte layer such that a portion of the channel semiconductor layer remains exposed.
4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming an active current generating or consuming device on the conductive material layer such that the conductive material layer forms an anode electrode or a cathode electrode of the active current generating or consuming device.
5. A method, comprising:
generating or consuming electrical current by an energy device that includes an active region;
providing localized current control for the energy device using a current limiter comprising a plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) arranged in an array and disposed between the active region and at least one current collector layer, each ECT comprising:
a drain electrode;
a source electrode;
a channel disposed between the drain electrode and the source electrode;
a gate electrode; and
an electrolyte that electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel; and
controlling electrical conductivity of the channel using an electrical signal at the gate electrode.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the current collector layer is a shared drain electrode or a shared source electrode for the ECTs.
7. The method of claim 5 , wherein each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device.
8. The method of claim 5 , wherein:
the current limiter comprises one or more control lines respectively coupled to one of more gate electrodes of the ECTs; and
the method comprises generating one or more gate control signals on the control lines using control circuitry coupled to the control lines.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more gate control signals generated by the control circuitry control current through the ECTs of the array based on location of the ECTs.
10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the one or more gate control signals generated by the control circuitry control current through the ECTs of the array based on time.
11. The method of claim 8 , wherein:
the current limiter comprises one or more sensors;
each sensor senses one or more parameters associated with the energy device; and
the control circuitry generates the one or more gate control signals based on the one or more sensed parameters.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the one or more parameters comprises one or more of temperature, concentration of a chemical substance, concentration of a biological substance, pH, humidity, ion concentration, electrical potential, current, resistance, impedance, capacitance, light intensity, stress, strain, and pressure.
13. The method of claim 5 , wherein:
the at least one current collector layer comprises a second current collector layer; and
the current limiter comprises a second plurality of ECTs disposed between the active region and the second current collector layer, the second plurality of ECTs arranged in a second array such that each ECT in the second array provides localized current control for the energy device.
14. The method of claim 5 , wherein the source electrode or the drain electrode of the ECTs of the array is electrically connected to a patterned electrode of the energy device.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the gate electrode is disposed on the patterned electrode of the energy device.
16. The method of claim 5 , wherein each ECT comprises at least one redox-couple having a predetermined electrochemical potential disposed between the electrolyte and the gate electrode.
17. The method of claim 5 , wherein the energy device comprises a battery cell, a photovoltaic cell or a fuel cell.
18. A method, comprising:
generating or consuming electrical current by an energy device that includes an active region;
providing localized current control for the energy device using a current limiter comprising a plurality of electrochemical transistors (ECTs) arranged in an array and disposed between the active region and at least one current collector layer, each ECT comprising:
a drain electrode;
a source electrode;
a channel disposed between the drain electrode and the source electrode;
a gate electrode; and
an electrolyte that physically and electrically couples the gate electrode to the channel; and
controlling electrical conductivity of the channel using an electrical signal at the gate electrode.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the current collector layer is a shared drain electrode or a shared source electrode for the ECTs.
20. The method of claim 18 , wherein each ECT in the array provides localized current control for the energy device.
21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the gate electrode is disposed directly on the current collector layer.
22. The method of claim 18 , wherein the energy device comprises one of a battery cell, a photovoltaic cell, and a fuel cell.