Detector having quantum dot pn junction photodiode
Methods and apparatus for a sensor having a photodetector array having photodetectors comprising a colloidal quantum dot (CQD) structure formed on an integrated circuit. The sensor may comprise a LIDAR time of flight sensor.
1 . A LIDAR sensor, comprising:
a photodetector array having one or more photodetectors comprising colloidal quantum dots (CQDs), wherein the photodetector array is responsive to light transmitted at a known time and received by the photodetector array after reflection from a target for determining a distance from the target to the sensor, or to light with an interference pattern in time and space produced by coherent mixing of light reflected from a target with light from an optical local oscillator for determining a distance from the target to the sensor based on phase or frequency relationships extracted from the interference pattern; and
an integrated circuit, wherein the photodetector array is formed on the integrated circuit, wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode including a depletion region between a weakly p-doped layer and a heavily doped n-type transparent conductive oxide.
2 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter configured to transmit the light at a known time.
3 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter configured to vary the frequency of the transmitted light over time such that the laser frequency at any given time is known.
4 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter and an optical local oscillator, where the laser transmitter is configured to transmit light to a remote target with a known phase relationship at the time of transmission to the light of the optical local oscillator, and the laser and optical local oscillator are the same light source.
5 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter and an optical local oscillator, where the laser transmitter is configured to transmit light to a remote target with a known phase relationship at the time of transmission to the light of the optical local oscillator, and the laser and optical local oscillator are different light sources.
6 . The sensor according to claim 2 , further including a signal processing circuit to determine the distance from the sensor to the target.
7 . The sensor according to claim 3 , further including a signal processing circuit to determine the distance from the sensor to the target or the relative velocity between sensor and target.
8 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter and an optical local oscillator, where the laser transmitter is configured to transmit light to a remote target with a known phase relationship at the time of transmission to the light of the optical local oscillator, and further including a signal processing circuit to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the target from an interferogram produced by coherent mixing of the reflected laser light with light from the optical local oscillator.
9 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a readout integrated circuit (ROIC).
10 . The sensor according to claim 9 , wherein the ROIC comprises CMOS circuitry.
11 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the photodetector array forms part of a focal plane array (FPA).
12 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the photodetectors comprise photodiodes having an anode, a p-type layer, an n-type layer, and a cathode.
13 . The sensor according to claim 12 , wherein the CQD structure comprises a doped p-type layer, an n-type doped layer, and an electron-selective (hole-blocking) layer.
14 . The sensor according to claim 13 , wherein in the doped p-type layer and the n-type doped layer comprise lead sulfide CQDs.
15 . The sensor according to claim 14 , wherein the electron-selective (hole-blocking layer comprises zinc oxide, C60 fullerenes, or phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
16 . The sensor according to claim 15 , wherein the lead sulfide doped p-type and the n-type doped layers and the zinc oxide layer comprise nanocrystal colloidal quantum dots packed in a film.
17 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the photodetector includes a photodiode having a depletion region between weakly p- and n-doped layers.
18 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode having a metal anode formed from a material that includes TiN, Ni, Al, and/or Au.
19 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode having hole-transport and electron-blocking layers for efficient collection of photogenerated holes and blocking electron injection from an anode.
20 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the CQD structure comprises doping and/or thickness selection for the p-type layer optimized for a wide depletion region for efficient absorption of infrared light and collection of photogenerated holes.
21 . The sensor according to claim 20 , wherein the doping and/or thickness for the n-type layer is optimized for a wide depletion region for efficient absorption of infrared light and collection of photogenerated electrons.
22 . The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode, wherein a cathode of the photodiode is a conductor transparent at an operating wavelength.
23 . The sensor according to claim 19 , wherein the cathode comprises a transparent conducting oxide, thin metal, nanoparticle film, doped semiconductor, and/or polymer.
24 . The sensor according to claim 23 , wherein the cathode comprises tin doped indium oxide (indium tin oxide, ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), Al, and/or Ag.
25 . A method, comprising:
employing a LIDAR sensor including a photodetector array having one or more photodetectors comprising colloidal quantum dots (CQDs), wherein the photodetector array is responsive to light transmitted at a known time and received by the photodetector array after reflection from a target for determining a distance from the target to the sensor, or to light with an interference pattern in time and space produced by coherent mixing of light reflected from a target with light from an optical local oscillator for determining a distance from the target to the sensor based on phase or frequency relationships extracted from the interference pattern, wherein the photodetector array is formed on an integrated circuit,
wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode including a depletion region between a weakly p-doped layer and a heavily doped n-type transparent conductive oxide.
26 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter configured to transmit the light at a known time.
27 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter configured to vary the frequency of the transmitted light over time such that the laser frequency at any given time is known.
28 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter and an optical local oscillator, where the laser transmitter is configured to transmit light to a remote target with a known phase relationship at the time of transmission to the light of the optical local oscillator, and the laser and optical local oscillator are the same light source.
29 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter and an optical local oscillator, where the laser transmitter is configured to transmit light to a remote target with a known phase relationship at the time of transmission to the light of the optical local oscillator, and the laser and optical local oscillator are different light sources.
30 . The method according to claim 26 , further including employing a signal processing circuit to determine the distance from the sensor to the target.
31 . The method according to claim 27 , further including employing a signal processing circuit to determine the distance from the sensor to the target or the relative velocity between sensor and target.
32 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the sensor includes a laser transmitter and an optical local oscillator, where the laser transmitter is configured to transmit light to a remote target with a known phase relationship at the time of transmission to the light of the optical local oscillator, and further including a signal processing circuit to reconstruct a three-dimensional image of the target from an interferogram produced by coherent mixing of the reflected laser light with light from the optical local oscillator.
33 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the integrated circuit comprises a readout integrated circuit (ROIC).
34 . The method according to claim 33 , wherein the ROIC comprises CMOS circuitry.
35 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the photodetector array forms part of a focal plane array (FPA).
36 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the photodetectors comprise photodiodes having an anode, a p-type layer, an n-type layer, and a cathode.
37 . The method according to claim 36 , wherein the CQD structure comprises a doped p-type layer, an n-type doped layer, and an electron-selective (hole-blocking) layer.
38 . The method according to claim 37 , wherein in the doped p-type layer and the n-type doped layer comprise lead sulfide CQDs.
39 . The method according to claim 38 , wherein the electron-selective (hole-blocking) layer comprises zinc oxide, C60 fullerenes, or phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM).
40 . The method according to claim 39 , wherein the lead sulfide doped p-type and the n-type doped layers and the zinc oxide layer comprise nanocrystal colloidal quantum dots packed in a film.
41 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the photodetector includes a photodiode having a depletion region between weakly p- and n-doped layers.
42 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode having a metal anode formed from a material that includes TiN, Ni, Al, and/or Au.
43 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode having hole-transport and electron-blocking layers for efficient collection of photogenerated holes and blocking electron injection from an anode.
44 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the CQD structure comprises doping and/or thickness selection for the p-type layer optimized for a wide depletion region for efficient absorption of infrared light and collection of photogenerated holes.
45 . The method according to claim 44 , wherein the doping and/or thickness for the n-type layer is optimized for a wide depletion region for efficient absorption of infrared light and collection of photogenerated electrons.
46 . The method according to claim 25 , wherein the photodetector comprises a photodiode, wherein a cathode of the photodiode is a conductor transparent at an operating wavelength.
47 . The method according to claim 43 , wherein the cathode comprises a transparent conducting oxide, thin metal, nanoparticle film, doped semiconductor, and/or polymer.
48 . The method according to claim 47 , wherein the cathode comprises tin doped indium oxide (indium tin oxide, ITO), aluminum doped zinc oxide (AZO), Al, and/or Ag.