Thermoplastic particulates coated with polymer nanoparticles and methods for production and use thereof
Additive manufacturing processes featuring consolidation of thermoplastic particulates may form printed objects in a range of shapes. Inorganic nanoparticles disposed upon the outer surface of the thermoplastic particulates may improve flow performance of the thermoplastic particulates during additive manufacturing, but may be undesirable to incorporate in some printed objects. Polymer nanoparticles may be substituted for inorganic nanoparticles in some instances to address this difficulty and provide other advantages. Particulate compositions suitable for additive manufacturing may comprise: a plurality of thermoplastic particulates comprising a thermoplastic polymer and a plurality of polymer nanoparticles disposed upon an outer surface of the thermoplastic particulates, the polymer nanoparticles comprising a crosslinked fluorinated polymer.
1. A particulate composition comprising:
a plurality of thermoplastic particulates comprising a thermoplastic polymer, and a plurality of polymer nanoparticles disposed upon an outer surface of the thermoplastic particulates, the polymer nanoparticles comprising a polymer having a higher melting point than the thermoplastic polymer.
2. The particulate composition of claim 1 , further comprising:
inorganic nanoparticles disposed upon the outer surface of the thermoplastic particulates, the inorganic nanoparticles comprising a plurality of oxide nanoparticles, carbon black, or any combination thereof.
3. The particulate composition of claim 2 , wherein the oxide nanoparticles comprise silica nanoparticles.
4. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic particulates comprise about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % polymer nanoparticles, as measured relative to the thermoplastic polymer.
5. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic particulates have a sphericity of about 0.9 or greater and a D 50 ranging from about 1 μm to about 1,000 μm.
6. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer nanoparticles range from about 5 nm to about 500 nm in size.
7. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer nanoparticles comprise a crosslinked fluorinated polymer.
8. The particulate composition of claim 7 , wherein the crosslinked fluorinated polymer comprises a fluorinated (meth)acrylic monomer and a divinyl crosslinker.
9. A method comprising:
providing the particulate composition of claim 1 ;
depositing the particulate composition layer-by-layer in a powder bed; and
heating a portion of the powder bed to consolidate a portion of the thermoplastic particulates into a consolidated part having a specified shape.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein heating takes place by selective laser sintering.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the polymer nanoparticles remain associated with the consolidated part.
12. A consolidated part prepared by the method of claim 9 , the consolidated part comprising:
a thermoplastic matrix formed by consolidation of the thermoplastic particulates; and
polymer nanoparticles admixed with the thermoplastic matrix.
13. A method comprising:
combining a thermoplastic polymer and polymer nanoparticles with a carrier fluid at a heating temperature at or above a melting point or softening temperature of the thermoplastic polymer and below a melting point, softening temperature or decomposition temperature of the polymer nanoparticles;
wherein the thermoplastic polymer and the polymer nanoparticles have less than 1 wt. % solubility in the carrier fluid at the heating temperature, and the polymer nanoparticles comprise a polymer having a melting point higher than the thermoplastic polymer;
applying shear to disperse the thermoplastic polymer as liquefied droplets in the carrier fluid at the heating temperature in the presence of the polymer nanoparticles;
after liquefied droplets have formed, cooling the carrier fluid to at least a temperature at which thermoplastic particulates in a solidified state form, the thermoplastic particulates comprising the thermoplastic polymer and at least a portion of the polymer nanoparticles disposed upon an outer surface of the thermoplastic particulates; and
separating the thermoplastic particulates from the carrier fluid.
14. The method of claim 13 , further comprising:
combining inorganic nanoparticles with the carrier fluid, the inorganic nanoparticles comprising a plurality of oxide nanoparticles, carbon black, or any combination thereof;
wherein at least a portion of the inorganic nanoparticles are disposed upon the outer surface of the thermoplastic particulates.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein the oxide nanoparticles comprise silica nanoparticles.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the thermoplastic particulates comprise about 0.01 wt. % to about 10 wt. % polymer nanoparticles, as measured relative to the thermoplastic polymer.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the thermoplastic particulates have a sphericity of about 0.9 or greater and a D 50 ranging from about 1 μm to about 1,000 μm.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the polymer nanoparticles range from about 5 nm to about 500 nm in size.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the polymer nanoparticles comprise a crosslinked fluorinated polymer.