Powder bed materials
A powder bed material can include from 80 wt % to 100 wt % metal particles having a D50 particle size distribution value from 4 μm to 150 μm. From 10 wt % to 100 wt % of the metal particles can be surface-activated metal particles having in intact inner volume and an outer volume with structural defects. The structural defects can exhibit an average surface grain density of 50,000 to 5,000,000 per mm 2 .
1. A material set, comprising:
a powder bed material comprising 80 wt % to 100 wt % metal particles having a D50 particle size distribution value from 4 μm to 150 μm,
wherein 80 wt % to 99 wt % of the metal particles are surface-activated metal particles to have i) an outer volume with increased structural defects compared to an inner volume and ii) an average surface grain density of 50,000 per mm 2 to 5,000,000 per mm 2 ;
and wherein a balance of the metal particles has an average surface grain density of 20,000 per mm 2 ; and
a binder fluid to adhere a first portion of the powder bed material that is in contact with the binder fluid.
2. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the metal particles that are surface activated are ball-milled metal particles.
3. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the average surface grain density of the surface-activated metal particles ranges from 80,000 per mm 2 to 2,000,000 per mm 2 .
4. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein:
the surface-activated metal particles are selected from the group consisting of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, copper, a copper alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, chromium, a chromium alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, vanadium, a vanadium alloy, tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, magnesium, a magnesium alloy, gold, a gold alloy, silver, a silver alloy, iron, an iron alloy, and an admixture thereof; and
the metal particles having an average surface grain density of 20,000 per mm 2 are selected from the group consisting of aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, copper, a copper alloy, cobalt, a cobalt alloy, chromium, a chromium alloy, nickel, a nickel alloy, vanadium, a vanadium alloy, tungsten, a tungsten alloy, tantalum, a tantalum alloy, molybdenum, a molybdenum alloy, magnesium, a magnesium alloy, gold, a gold alloy, silver, a silver alloy, iron, an iron alloy, and an admixture thereof.
5. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the metal particles having an average surface grain density of 20,000 per mm 2 or less are made of the same metal or metal alloy as the surface-activated metal particles.
6. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein 80 wt % to 90 wt % of the metal particles are surface activated metal particles.
7. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the D50 particle size distribution value of the metal particles ranges from 20 μm to 100 μm.
8. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the binder fluid includes water and a binder, and wherein the binder is selected from the group consisting of a polymer binder and a polymerizable binder.
9. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the binder fluid includes water, metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in the water, and a reducing agent to reduce the metal oxide nanoparticles.
10. The material set as defined in claim 1 wherein the surface-activated metal particles are stainless steel particles or steel particles, and wherein the metal particles having an average surface grain density of 20,000 per mm 2 are stainless steel particles or steel particles.
11. A method of three-dimensional printing, comprising:
spreading a powder bed material to form a powder layer having a thickness of from 20 μm to 400 μm, wherein the powder bed material includes 80 wt % to 100 wt % metal particles having a D50 particle size distribution value from 4 μm to 150 μm,
wherein 80 wt % to 99 wt % of the metal particles are surface-activated metal particles to have i) an outer volume with increased structural defects compared to an inner volume and ii) an average surface grain density of from 50,000 per mm 2 to 5,000,000 per mm 2 ;
and wherein a balance of the metal particles has an average surface grain density of 20,000 per mm 2 ;
selectively binding a first portion of the powder bed material to form a green layer within the powder layer; and
building up additional green layers by sequentially repeating the spreading and the selectively binding of the powder bed material until a green three-dimensional object is formed.
12. The method as defined in claim 11 wherein prior to the spreading the method further comprises ball milling the metal particles of the powder bed material to activate a surface of the metal particles to form the surface-activated metal particles, wherein a core of the surface-activated metal particles remains intact.
13. The method as defined in claim 11 , further comprising heat fusing the green three-dimensional object to sinter or anneal the surface-activated metal particles and the metal particles having an average surface grain density of 20,000 per mm 2 .
14. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the ball milling is accomplished using from 50 μm to 500 μm milling beads that are harder than the metal particles of the powder bed material suspended in an aliphatic oil at a milling speed ranging from 400 RPM to 1000 RPM for a duration of 10 minutes to 24 hours.
15. The method as defined in claim 12 wherein the average surface grain density of the surface-activated metal particles ranges from 80,000 per mm 2 to 2,000,000 per mm 2 .
16. The method as defined in claim 13 wherein the heat fusing begins at a temperature ranging from 0.6 to 0.8 of a melting temperature of the powder bed material.