Three-dimensionally printed lens elements
A three-dimensional printing kit for forming lens elements can include a build material including from about 80 wt % to 100 wt % thermoplastic polyamide elastomeric particles having a D50 particle size from about 10 μm to about 150 μm, and a fusing agent including a liquid vehicle and from about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt % of a UV radiation absorber.
1 . A three-dimensional printing kit for forming a lens element, the three-dimensional printing kit comprising:
a build material including from about 80 wt % to 100 wt % of thermoplastic polyamide elastomeric particles having a D50 particle size of from about 10 μm to about 150 μm; and
a fusing agent separate from the build material and consisting of a liquid vehicle and from about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt % of a UV radiation absorber having a D50 particle size of from about 30 nm to about 1000 nm,
wherein the liquid vehicle consists of water and optionally an organic cosolvent, a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, or a combination thereof,
and wherein the UV radiation absorber is:
a triazine radiation absorber selected from the group consisting of 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-isooctyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethyl phenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy phenyl)1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-ethyl mercaptan-1,3,5-triazine, and 2,2′-[6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]bis{5-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phenol}, and a combination thereof; or
a benzotriazole radiation absorber selected from the group consisting of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol -2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, 2-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(2H -benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol], 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol, and a combination thereof; or
terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid; or
milled avobenzone particles.
2 . The three-dimensional printing kit of claim 1 , wherein the fusing agent exhibits an absorbance of from about 0.3 to about 2 at a wavelength from about 340 nm to about 415 nm.
3 . The three-dimensional printing kit of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polyamide elastomeric particles have a melting temperature of from about 135° C. to about 210° C. and a weight average molecular weight of from about 100,000 Mw to about 500,000 Mw.
4 . The three-dimensional printing kit of claim 1 , further comprising:
a coloring agent including a colorant to tint the lens element during a build; or
a detailing agent including a detailing compound that reduces a temperature of the build material onto which the detailing agent is applied; or
both the coloring agent and the detailing agent.
5 . The three-dimensional printing kit of claim 1 , wherein the UV radiation absorber is the triazine radiation absorber, or the benzotriazole radiation absorber, or terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid.
6 . A three-dimensional printing system for forming a lens element, the three-dimensional printing system comprising:
a fluid ejector loaded or loadable with a fusing agent to eject the fusing agent onto a powder bed of build material, the fusing agent separate from the build material and consisting of a liquid vehicle and from about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt % of a UV radiation absorber having a D50 particle size of from about 30 nm to about 1000 nm, wherein the liquid vehicle consists of water and optionally an organic cosolvent an non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, or a combination thereof, and wherein the UV radiation absorber is:
a triazine radiation absorber selected from the group consisting of 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-isooctyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethyl phenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy phenyl)1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-ethyl mercaptan-1,3,5-triazine, and 2,2′-[6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]bis{ 5 -[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phenol}, and a combination thereof; or
a benzotriazole radiation absorber selected from the group consisting of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol -2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis (1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, 2-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, 2-(2H -benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(2H -benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol], 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol, and a combination thereof; or
terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid; or
milled avobenzone particles,
wherein the fusing agent exhibits an absorbance of from about 0.3 to about 2 at a radiation wavelength of from about 340 nm to about 415 nm; and
a UV energy source that emits electromagnetic radiation at an energy level of from about 2 W/cm 2 to about 50 W/cm 2 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation includes the radiation wavelength.
7 . The three-dimensional printing system of claim 6 , further comprising a build material including from about 80 wt % to 100 wt % of thermoplastic polyamide elastomeric particles having a D50 particle size of from about 10 μm to about 150 μm.
8 . A method for three-dimensional printing a lens element, the method comprising:
iteratively applying individual build material layers including from about 80 wt % to 100 wt % of thermoplastic polyamide elastomeric particles having a D50 particle size of from about 10 μm to about 150 μm to a powder bed;
based on a three-dimensional object model, iteratively and selectively dispensing a fusing agent onto the individual build material layers, wherein the fusing agent is separate from the build material and consists of includes an aqueous liquid vehicle and from about 0.5 wt % to about 20 wt % of a UV radiation absorber having a D50 particle size of from about 30 nm to about 1000 nm, wherein the liquid vehicle consists of water and optionally an organic cosolvent, a non-ionic ethoxylated surfactant, or a combination thereof, and wherein the UV radiation absorber is:
a triazine radiation absorber selected from the group consisting of 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-octyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-isooctyloxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2,4-dimethyl phenyl)-6-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxy phenyl)1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-hexyloxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4,6-bis(phenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, 2,4-bis(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-6-ethyl mercaptan-1,3,5-triazine, and 2,2′-[6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine-2,4-diyl]bis{5-[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]phenol}, and a combination thereof; or
a benzotriazole radiation absorber selected from the group consisting of 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol -2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol, 2-tert-butyl-6-(5-chloro-2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol, 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, 2-(2H -benzotriazol-2-yl)-4,6-di-tert-pentylphenol, 2,2′-methylenebis[6-(2H -benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenol], 2-(2H-benzotriazol-2-yl) -6-dodecyl-4-methylphenol, and a combination thereof; or
terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid; or
milled avobenzone particles,
wherein the fusing agent exhibits an absorbance of from about 0.3 to about 2 at a radiation wavelength of from about 340 nm to about 415 nm; and
iteratively exposing the powder bed to electromagnetic radiation that includes the radiation wavelength at an energy level of from about 2 W/cm 2 to about 50 W/cm 2 for a time duration of from about 0.1 second to about 10 seconds to selectively fuse the thermoplastic polyamide elastomeric particles in contact with the UV radiation absorber at the individual build material layers resulting in a transparent or translucent lens element.
9 . The method of claim 8 , further including iteratively and selectively dispensing a coloring agent including a colorant onto one or multiple individual build material layers, wherein the colorant is present in the transparent or translucent fused three-dimensional lens element in an amount of from about 0.001 wt % to about 1.3 wt %.
10 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the lens element is mechanically deformable.
11 . The method of claim 8 , further comprising finishing a surface of the lens element by:
thermally reflowing the surface of the lens element at depth of from about 50 um to about 1 mm and at a temperature at or above a glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer; or
thermally reflowing the surface of the lens element at depth of from about 50 um to about 1 mm and at a temperature below a glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer in the presence of a finishing solvent that depresses the melting temperature of the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer; or
polishing the surface of the lens element; or
vapor phase treating the surface of the lens element; or
a combination thereof.
12 . A three-dimensionally printed lens element formed by the method of claim 8 , the three-dimensionally printed lens element comprising multiple fused composite layers in the shape of a lens element having a total transmission of visible light of from about 10% to about 100%, the lens element being transparent or translucent to light and including from about 80 wt % to 99.9 wt % of a thermoplastic polyamide elastomer and from about 0.1 wt % to about 10 wt % of a UV radiation absorber carried by the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer.
13 . The three-dimensionally printed lens element of claim 12 , wherein the lens element includes from about 0.001 wt % to about 1.3 wt % of a colorant, wherein the lens element is tinted with the colorant but remains transparent or translucent.
14 . The three-dimensionally printed lens element of claim 12 , wherein the lens element is a plano-convex lens, a double-convex lens, an aspheric lens, a plano-concave lens, a double-concave lens, a positive achromatic lens, a positive cylinder lens, a plano-convex axicons, a ball lens, a rod lens, a cylinder lens, a Powell lens, or a Fresnel lens.
15 . The three-dimensionally printed lens element of claim 12 , wherein a surface of the lens element has been finished by:
thermally reflowing the surface of the lens element at depth of from about 50 μm to about 1 mm and at a temperature at or above a glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer; or
thermally reflowing the surface of the lens element at depth of from about 50 μm to about 1 mm and at a temperature below a glass transition temperature of the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer in the presence of a finishing solvent that depresses the melting temperature of the thermoplastic polyamide elastomer; or
polishing the surface of the lens element; or
vapor phase treating the surface of the lens element; or
a combination thereof.