Graphene oxide-doped polyvinylidene fluoride particles with enhanced beta-phase crystallinity
High spherical particles for use in piezoelectric applications may be produced mixing a mixture comprising a graphene oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride (GO-PVDF) composite, a carrier fluid that is immiscible with the PVDF, and optionally an emulsion stabilizer at a temperature equal to or greater than a melting point or softening temperature of the PVDF to disperse the GO-PVDF composite in the carrier fluid, wherein the GO-PVDF composite has a transmission FTIR minimum transmittance ratio of β-phase PVDF to α-phase PVDF of about 1 or less; cooling the mixture to below the melting point or softening temperature of the PVDF to form GO-PVDF particles; and separating the GO-PVDF particles from the carrier fluid, wherein the GO-PVDF particles comprise the graphene oxide dispersed in the PVDF, and wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a transmission FTIR minimum transmittance ratio of β-phase PVDF to α-phase PVDF of about 1 or less.
1 . A composition comprising:
graphene oxide-polyvinylidene fluoride (GO-PVDF) particles comprising graphene oxide dispersed in polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a transmission FTIR minimum transmittance ratio of β-phase PVDF to α-phase PVDF of about 1 or less.
2 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have an aerated density of about 0.55 g/cm 3 to about 0.8 g/cm 3 .
3 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a bulk density of about 0.3 g/cm 3 to about 0.8 g/cm 3 .
4 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a tapped density of about 0.6 g/cm 3 to about 0.9 g/cm 3 .
5 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein a flow aid is not present in combination with the GO-PVDF particles.
6 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a D10 of about 0.1 μm to about 125 μm, a D50 of about 0.5 μm to about 200 μm, and a D90 of about 3 μm to about 300 μm, wherein D10<D50<D90.
7 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a diameter span of about 0.2 to about 10.
8 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a circularity of about 0.90 to about 1.0.
9 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have an angle of repose of about 25° to about 45°.
10 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a Hausner ratio of about 1.0 to about 1.5.
11 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles have a BET surface area of about 10 m 2 /g to about 500 m 2 /g.
12 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles further comprise an emulsion stabilizer covering at least a portion of an outer surface of the GO-PVDF particles.
13 . The composition of claim 12 , wherein the emulsion stabilizer comprises a plurality of oxide nanoparticles.
14 . The composition of claim 13 , wherein the oxide nanoparticles comprise silica nanoparticles.
15 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the GO-PVDF particles further comprise a thermoplastic polymer that is not PVDF.
16 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the graphene oxide has an average thickness of about 0.3 nm to about 5 nm.
17 . The composition of claim 1 , wherein the graphene oxide is located upon an outer surface of the GO-PVDF particles, within a core of the GO-PVDF particles, or any combination thereof.
18 . A method comprising:
depositing the composition of claim 1 upon a surface, optionally in combination with other thermoplastic polymer particles; and
once deposited, heating at least a portion of the GO-PVDF particles and the other thermoplastic particles, if present, to promote particle consolidation and formation of a consolidated body.
19 . The method of claim 18 , wherein the consolidated body has a β-phase retention from the GO-PVDF particles of about 0.1 to about 1.5.