Solid propellant bonding agents and methods for their use
Bonding agents for use in formulating solid propellants are described. The bonding agents have a Schiff base, or Schiff base and hydroxyl or amine functionality. These materials are synthesized by reacting a primary amine with an aldehyde to form a Schiff base. By definition, a Schiff base comprises the reaction product of a primary amine and an aldehyde. In one embodiment of the invention, such a product is produced by the reaction of a polyoxyalkyleneamine (JEFFAMINE®) with p-nitrobenzaldehyde and glycidol. The result is a polyether having both hydroxyl and Schiff base functionality. The bonding agents provide superior performance, while avoiding problems, such as ammonia production during processing, encountered when using existing bonding agents. Propellants formulated using these bonding agents have mechanical properties within acceptable ranges.
1. A method of formulating a solid propellant comprising combining an oxidizing agent, a binder and a bonding agent, the bonding agent comprising an organic molecule having the structure:
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and aliphatic linear or branched alkyls having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains an ether linkage between aliphatic residues, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains a Schiff base (C═N), and wherein W, X, Y, and Z are selected from the group consisting of free hydroxyl (—OH), aromatic imine (Schiff base), H, and CH 3 .
2. A method of formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains a hydroxyl group and an amine.
3. A method of formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is hydroxyl.
4. A method of formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is a Schiff base.
5. A method of formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 further comprising a fuel.
6. A method of formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 5 wherein the fuel comprises aluminum.
7. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein the binder is a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene binder.
8. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein the bonding agent has the following structure:
wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may be the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
—OH, —NHCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —NHCH 2 CH 2 OH, —NH 2 , and —NHCH 2 CH 2 CN.
9. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein the bonding agent has the following structure:
10. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein the binder comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of the propellant formulation.
11. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein the bonding agent comprises from about 0.05% to about 5.0% by weight of the propellant.
12. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 1 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises ammonium perchlorate.
13. A method for formulating a solid propellant as defined in claim 12 wherein ammonium perchlorate comprises from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the propellant.
14. A solid propellant comprising an oxidizing agent, a fuel and a bonding agent, the bonding agent comprising an organic compound having the following structure:
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and aliphatic linear or branched alkyls having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains an ether linkage between aliphatic residues, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains a Schiff base (C═N), and wherein W, X, Y, and Z are selected from the group consisting of free hydroxyl (—OH), aromatic imine (Schiff base), H, and CH 3 .
15. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains a hydroxyl group and an amine.
16. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is hydroxyl.
17. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is a Schiff base.
18. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 further comprising a fuel.
19. A solid propellant as defined in claim 17 wherein the fuel comprises aluminum.
20. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein the binder is a hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene binder.
21. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein the bonding agent has the following structure:
wherein R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 may b the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of
—OH, —NHCH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 OH, —NHCH 2 CH 2 OH, —NH 2 , and —NHCH 2 CH 2 CN.
22. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein the binder comprises from about 10% to about 20% by weight of the propellant formulation.
23. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein the bonding agent comprises from about 0.05% to about 5.0% of the propellant.
24. A solid propellant as defined in claim 14 wherein the oxidizing agent comprises ammonium perchlorate.
25. A solid propellant as defined in claim 24 wherein ammonium perchlorate comprises from about 50% to about 90% by weight of the propellant.
26. A solid propellant as defined in claim 23 wherein the bonding agent has the structure:
27. A propellant comprising from about 10% to about 20% binder, from about 50% to about 90% oxidizer, and from about 0.01% to about 5.0% bonding agent, wherein the bonding agent comprises an organic molecule having the following structure:
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 are the same or different and are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and aliphatic linear or branched alkyls having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains an ether linkage between aliphatic residues and at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains a hydroxyl group, wherein at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , and R 4 contains a Schiff base (C═N), and wherein W, X, Y, and Z are selected from the group consisting of free hydroxyl (—OH), aromatic imine (Schiff base), H, and CH 3 , and wherein at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is hydroxyl and at least one of W, X, Y, or Z is Schiff base.