Antimicrobial amino acid sequences derived from alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone
α-MSH and other amino acid sequences derived from α-MSH were determined to have antimicrobial influences, including against two major and representative cutaneous and mucosal pathogens; Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans , Pharmaceutical compositions useful as antimicrobial agents, including for use in reducing the viability of microbes, reducing the germination of yeasts, killing microbes without reducing the killing of microbes by human neutrophils, for treating inflammation in which there is microbial infection without reducing microbial killing, and for increasing the accumulation of cAMP in microbes are disclosed. The antimicrobial agent is selected from the group consisting of one or more peptides including the amino acid sequence KPV, one or more peptides including the amino acid sequence MEHFRWG, or a biologically functional equivalent of any of the foregoing. The most effective of the peprides were those bearing the C-terminal amino acid sequence of α-MSH. i.e., α-MSH (1-13), (6-13), and (11-13).
1. A method for reducing the viability of microbes comprising exposing the microbes to an antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of KPV (SEQ ID NO: 1), MEHFRWG (SEQ ID NO: 2), and HFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 3) and dimers thereof.
2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is a monomer or a dimer.
3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is N-acetylated and C-amidated.
4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −12 molar.
5. A method according to claim 4 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −6 molar.
6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the microbes include Staphylococcus aureus or Candida albicans.
7. A method for reducing the germination of yeast comprising exposing the yeast to an antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of KPV (SEQ ID NO: 1) MEHFRWG (SEQ ID NO: 2) and HFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 3).
8. A method according to claim 7 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is N-acetylated and C-amidated.
9. A method according to claim 7 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −12 molar.
10. A method according to claim 9 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −6 molar.
11. A method according to claim 7 , wherein the yeasts include Candida albicans.
12. A method for killing microbes comprising exposing the microbes to an antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of KPV (SEQ ID NO: 1), MEHFRWG (SEQ ID NO: 2), and HFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 3) without reducing the killing of microbes by human neutrophils.
13. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is a monomer or a dimer.
14. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is N-acetylated and C-amidated.
15. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −12 molar.
16. A method according to claim 15 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −6 molar.
17. A method according to claim 12 , wherein the microbes include Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
18. A method for increasing the accumulation of cAMP in microbes comprising exposing the microbes to an antimicrobial agent an selected from the group consisting of KPV (SEQ ID NO: 1), MEHFRWG (SEQ ID NO: 2), HFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 3), and wherein the exposure of the microbes to the antimicrobial agent increases the accumulation of cAMP.
19. A method according to claim 18 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is a dimer or a monomer.
20. A method according to claim 18 , wherein the antimicrobial agent excludes naturally occurring α-MSH.
21. A method according to claim 18 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is further selected from the group consisting of one or more peptides having an amino acid chain length of up to thirteen.
22. A method according to claim 18 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is N-acetylated and C-amidated.
23. A method according to claim 18 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −12 molar.
24. A method according to claim 23 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −6 molar.
25. A method according to claim 18 , wherein the microbes include Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
26. A method for treating a microbial infection comprising exposing the microbes to an antimicrobial agent selected from the group consisting of KPV (SEQ ID NO: 1) MEHFRWG (SEQ ID NO: 2) and HFRWGKPV (SEQ ID NO: 3).
27. A method according to claim 26 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is a monomer or a dimer.
28. A method according to claim 26 , wherein the antimicrobial agent is N-acetylated and C-amidated.
29. A method according to claim 26 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −12 molar.
30. A method according to claim 26 , wherein the concentration of the antimicrobial agent is at least 10 −6 molar.
31. A method according to claim 26 , wherein the microbes include Candida albicans.