Methods of conducting simultaneous exothermic and endothermic reactions
Integrated Combustion Reactors (ICRs) and methods of making ICRs are described in which combustion chambers (or channels) are in direct thermal contact to reaction chambers for an endothermic reaction. Superior results were achieved for combustion chambers which contained a gap for free flow through the chamber. Particular reactor designs are also described. Processes of conducting reactions in integrated combustion reactors are described and results presented. Some of these processes are characterized by unexpected and superior results.
1. A method of conducting an endothermic reaction in an integrated combustion reaction, comprising:
passing an exothermically reacting composition into at least one exothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the exothermic reaction chamber comprises at least one exothermic reaction chamber wall that is adjacent at least one endothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the exothermic reaction chamber comprises an exothermic reaction catalyst in contact with at least the at least one exothermic reaction chamber wall that is adjacent at least one endothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the exothermic reaction catalyst has an exposed surface within the exothermic reaction chamber, and wherein the exposed surface of the exothermic reaction catalyst and a second surface within the exothermic reaction chamber define an open channel within the exothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the gap has a thickness, in a direction perpendicular to net flow where the direction of net flow is the direction that gas would travel through the exothermic reaction chamber during operation, of 2 mm or less;
wherein the exothermic reaction composition reacts in the exothermic reaction chamber and generates heat; and
passing an endothermic reaction mixture into the at least one endothermic reaction chamber; and
wherein the method has a volumetric heat flux of at least 1 W/cc.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the at least one endothermic reaction chamber has an inlet and an outlet, and the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet is less than 250,000 Pa per cm of reaction chamber length.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the pressure drop between the inlet and the outlet is less than 10% of the system inlet pressure.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the exothermic reaction composition has a contact time within the exothermic reaction chamber of 50 milliseconds or less.
5. The method of claim 4 comprising a volumetric heat flux of at least 20 W/cc.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the exothermic reaction mixture consists essentially of fuel and less than 50% excess air and wherein the output from the exothermic reaction chamber comprises less than 50 ppm NO x .
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the exothermic reaction mixture and the endothermic reaction mixture are co-flow.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the exothermic reaction mixture comprises fuel and air.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the exothermic reaction chamber comprises a bulk flow region having a cross-section of 5×10 −8 to 1×10 −2 m 2 ; and wherein the endothermic reaction chamber comprises a bulk flow region having a cross-section of 5×10 −7 to 1×10 −4 m 2 .
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the bulk flow path in the exothermic reaction chamber has a circumference and further wherein at least 20% of the circumference is defined by a porous catalyst material.
11. The method of claim 1 wherein the endothermic reaction catalyst is a porous catalyst material.
12. The method of claim 1 wherein the endothermic reaction catalyst is a porous catalyst material comprising a support that is a foam metal, foam ceramic, metal felt or metal screen.
13. The method of claim 1 wherein the endothermic reaction mixture comprises a hydrocarbon; wherein a steam reforming reaction occurs within the endothermic reaction chamber; wherein the contact time of the endothermic reaction mixture is between 1 and 25 ms; and wherein at least 90% of the equilibrium conversion of the hydrocarbon entering the beginning of the endothermic reaction chamber is converted to hydrogen, carbon monoxide and/or carbon dioxide.
14. The method of claim 13 wherein the gas hourly space velocity through the endothermic reaction chamber is greater than 50,000 hr −1 .
15. A method of conducting an endothermic reaction in an integrated combustion reaction, comprising:
passing an endothermic reaction composition into at least one endothermic reaction chamber,
passing an exothermic reaction composition into at least one exothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the exothermic reaction chamber comprises at least one exothermic reaction chamber wall that is adjacent at least one endothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the endothermic reaction chamber comprises an endothermic reaction catalyst in contact with at least the at least one endothermic reaction chamber wall that is adjacent at least one exothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the endothermic reaction catalyst comprises an exposed surface within the endothermic reaction chamber, and wherein the exposed surface of the endothermic reaction catalyst and a second surface within the endothermic reaction chamber define a gap within the endothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the gap has a thickness, in a direction perpendicular to net flow where the direction of net flow is the direction that gas would travel through the endothermic chamber during operation, of 2 mm or less;
wherein the method is controlled such that heat flux between the at least one exothermic chamber and the at least one endothermic reaction chamber is 1 W/cc or more.
16. The method of claim 15 wherein there is distributed fuel injection in the exothermic reaction chamber.
17. The method of claim 15 wherein the endothermic reaction composition comprises an alkane and water.
18. The method of claim 17 wherein the exothermic reaction composition comprises air and a fuel.
19. The method of claim 18 wherein the exothermic reaction composition is converted to products and the products have less than 50 ppm NO x .
20. The method of claim 17 wherein the endothermic reaction composition comprises only one type of alkane.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the endothermic reaction composition is purified before reacting.
22. A method of conducting an endothermic reaction in an integrated combustion reaction, comprising:
passing an endothermic reaction composition into at least one endothermic reaction chamber,
passing an exothermic reaction composition into at least one exothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the exothermic reaction chamber comprises at least one exothermic reaction chamber wall that is adjacent at least one endothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the endothermic reaction chamber comprises an endothermic reaction catalyst in contact with at least the at least one endothermic reaction chamber wall that is adjacent at least one exothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the endothermic reaction catalyst comprises an exposed surface within the endothermic reaction chamber, and wherein the exposed surface of the endothermic reaction catalyst and a second surface within the endothermic reaction chamber define a gap within the endothermic reaction chamber,
wherein the gap has a thickness, in a direction perpendicular to net flow where the direction of net flow is the direction that gas would travel through the endothermic chamber during operation, of 2 mm or less;
wherein the exothermic reaction composition comprises air and a fuel; and wherein the exothermic reaction composition is converted to products and the products have less than 100 ppm NO x .
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the heat flux between the at least one exothermic chamber and the at least one endothermic reaction chamber is 50 W/cc or more.
24. The method of claim 22 wherein the exothermic reaction mixture consists essentially of fuel and air, and wherein the heat flux between the at least one exothermic chamber and the at least one endothermic reaction chamber is between 10 and about 120 W/cc.
25. The method of claim 24 wherein the NO x from the exothermic reaction chamber is in the range of about 5 to 20 ppm.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein the exothermic reaction mixture comprises less than 25% excess air.
27. The method of claim 26 wherein the exothermic reaction mixture comprises less than 5% excess air.
28. The method of claim 26 wherein pressure drop through the exothermic reaction chamber is less than 2500 Pa/cm.
29. The method of claim 26 wherein the exothermic reaction chamber comprises a porous catalyst material.
30. The method of claim 22 exothermic reaction chamber comprises a having a cross-section of 5×10 −8 to 1×10 −2 m 2 .