Molecularly imprinted polymers produced by template polymerization
A polymer (e.g. a peptide) is produced by polymerizing monomers in the presence of a template, particularly a biologically active molecule or sample. The polymer is extracted and a soluble (preferably water-soluble) fraction is derived which specifically binds the template. Thus it can have complementary activity (e.g. biological). Applications include therapy, detection systems and separation systems.
1. A process comprising the steps of
a) providing a mixture of different functional monomers;
b) effecting template-directed polymerisation of functional monomers of said mixture in the presence of a molecular template, thereby producing a linear copolymer wherein at least a part of said linear copolymer is formed from a sequence of said monomers such that it is complementary to at least a part of the template; with the proviso that if the template is a nucleic acid, the monomers comprise species other than nucleotides;
c) preparation of a solution of a soluble polymer which is or is derived from said linear copolymer and which comprises at least a part which is complementary to at least a part of the template; and
d) sequence determination.
2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the template is a biological receptor, nucleic acid, cell, virus, microorganism, tissue sample, carbohydrate, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, nucleoprotein, mucoprotein, lipoprotein, synthetic protein, glycoprotein, glycosaminoglycan, enzyme, steroid, immunosuppressant, hormone, heparin, antibiotic, vitamin or drug.
3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the template is a molecular species having a molecular weight of 200-3,000,000.
4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the functional monomers are one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl monomers, allyl monomers, acetylenes, acrylates, methacrylates, amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, carbohydrates, phenols, heterocycles, and aniline, or derivatives thereof.
5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the functional monomers are selected from the group consisting of amino acids, nucleosides and nucleotides.
6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the functional monomers comprise amino acids and polymerisation is effected by means of an amide-generating condensing agent.
7. A process according to claim 1 , in which step (b) comprises (i) separating from the polymerisation system a complex comprising the template molecule and said linear copolymer; and (ii) removal of the template molecule.
8. A process according to claim 7 , wherein removal of the template involves separation of the template from the polymer by means of one or more of change in pH of the solution, change in ionic strength of the solution, and/or adding urea, guanidine, or a substance which interacts with the template stronger than does the polymer.
9. A process according to claim 7 , wherein removal of the template employs one or more of filtration, electrophoresis, chromatographic separation, washing or centrifugation.
10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein step (d) is followed by step (e) synthesis of polymers having all or part of the determined sequence and/or variants thereof.
11. A method of making a drug comprising the process of claim 1 .
12. A method of making a receptor-specific ligand comprising the process of claim 1 .
13. A method comprising admixing a linear copolymer obtained by the process of claim 1 with a pharmaceutical composition.
14. A method comprising admixing a linear copolymer obtained by the process of claim 1 with a food.
15. A process comprising the steps of
a) providing a mixture of different functional monomers, wherein the functional monomers are one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of vinyl monomers, allyl monomers, acetylenes, acrylates, methacrylates, amino acids, nucleosides, nucleotides, carbohydrates, and heterocycles, or derivatives thereof;
b) effecting template-directed polymerisation of functional monomers of said mixture in the presence of a molecular template, thereby producing a linear copolymer wherein at least a part of said linear copolymer is formed from a sequence of said monomers such that it is complementary to at least a part of the template; with the proviso that if the template is a nucleic acid, the monomers comprise species other than nucleotides; and
c) preparation of a solution of a soluble polymer which is or is derived from said linear copolymer and which comprises at least a part which is complementary to at least a part of the template.
16. A process according to claim 15 , wherein the template is a biological receptor, nucleic acid, cell, virus, microorganism, tissue sample, carbohydrate, oligosaccharide, polysaccharide, nucleoprotein, mucoprotein, lipoprotein, synthetic protein, glycoprotein, glycosaminoglycan, enzyme, steroid, immunosuppressant, hormone, heparin, antibiotic, vitamin or drug.
17. A process according to claim 15 , wherein the template is a molecular species having a molecular weight of 200-3,000,000.
18. A process according to claim 15 , wherein the functional monomers are selected from the group consisting of amino acids, nucleosides and nucleotides.
19. A process according to claim 15 , wherein the functional monomers comprise amino acids and polymerisation is effected by means of an amide-generating condensing agent.
20. A process according to claim 15 , in which step (b) comprises (i) separating from the polymerisation system a complex comprising the template molecule and said linear copolymer; and (ii) removal of the template molecule.
21. A process according to claim 20 , wherein removal of the template involves separation of the template from the polymer by means of one or more of change in pH of the solution, change in ionic strength of the solution, and/or adding urea, guanidine, or a substance which interacts with the template stronger than does the polymer.
22. A process according to claim 20 , wherein removal of the template employs one or more of filtration, electrophoresis, chromatographic separation, washing or centrifugation.
23. A process according to claim 15 , wherein step (c) is followed by (d) sequence determination.
24. A process according to claim 23 , wherein step (d) is followed by step (e) synthesis of polymers having all or part of the determined sequence and/or variants thereof.
25. A method of making a drug comprising the process of claim 15 .
26. A method of making a receptor-specific ligand comprising the process of claim 15 .
27. A method comprising admixing a linear copolymer obtained by the process of claim 15 with a pharmaceutical composition.
28. A method comprising admixing a linear copolymer obtained by the process of claim 15 with a food.