Biosensor and method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers using a biosensor

1. A biosensor comprising:

a first electrode device, which has a holding region for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers; and

a second electrode device;

a control unit for controlling the first and the second electrode device;

wherein the first electrode device and/or the second electrode device is/are divided into a plurality of electrode segments, the electrode segments are electrically insulated from one another but can be electrically coupled to one another for adjusting the size of the effective electrode face area as a function of the electrode segments selected and coupled,

wherein the control unit controls the size of the effective electrode face area, adjusting the size of the effective electrode face area to the strength of the electrical signals from the electrode devices by coupling or decoupling the electrode segments to each other or from each other.

2. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 , having electrical switches, of which in each case one switch is coupled to an associated electrode segment in such a manner that

in a first switch position, the associated electrode segment is selected and the associated electrode segment is electrically coupled to a common connection, and that

in a second switch position, the associated electrode segment is coupled to a predetermined electrical potential and is not selected.

3. The biosensor as claimed in claim 2 , having measurement electronics for measuring an electrical signal provided by the selected electrode segments, the input of the measurement electronics being electrically coupled to the selected electrode segments.

4. The biosensor as claimed in claim 3 , having a switch control unit as the control unit, which is coupled to the measurement electronics, for controlling the switches, which control unit is designed in such a manner that the switches can be controlled as a function of the electrical signal recorded by the measurement electronics.

5. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 ,

in which the second electrode device is divided into a plurality of electrode segments which are electrically insulated from one another, it being possible for the electrode segment for the second electrode device to be selected and electrically coupled independently of one another, so that the size of the effective electrode face area of the second electrode device can be adjusted as a function of the electrode segments selected; and

in which a non-selected electrode segment of the second electrode device is coupled to a predetermined electrical potential, in such a manner that a reduction/oxidation recycling operation can take place at the electrode device.

6. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:

a third electrode device, the second electrode device and the third electrode device being designed differently than the first electrode device and in such a manner that the reduction/oxidation process takes place as part of a reduction/oxidation recycling operation at the second electrode device and at the third electrode device.

7. The biosensor as claimed in claim 6 ,

in which a first electrical potential is applied to the first electrode device;

in which a second electrical potential is applied to the second electrode device;

in which a third electrical potential is applied to the third electrode device; and

in which the third electrical potential is selected in such a manner that during the reduction/oxidation recycling operation, the reduction or oxidation takes place only at the second electrode device and at the third electrode device.

8. The biosensor as claimed in claim 7 ,

in which the third electrical potential is greater than the first electrical potential; and

in which the first electrical potential is greater than the second electrical potential.

9. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 , in which the holding region of the first electrode device is coated with a material which can immobilize probe molecules.

10. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 , in which the holding region of the first electrode device is designed to hold ligands to which peptides or proteins can be bound.

11. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 , in which the holding region of the first electrode device is designed to hold DNA probe molecules to which DNA molecules can be bound.

12. The biosensor as claimed in claim 1 , in which the first holding region includes at least one of the materials selected from the group consisting of hydroxyl radicals, epoxy radicals, amine radicals, acetoxy radicals, isocyanate radicals, succinimidyl ester radicals, thiol radicals, gold, silver, platinum, and titanium.

13. The biosensor as claimed in claim 6 , in which the electrode devices are arranged in an interdigitated electrode device arrangement, the third electrode device being arranged between the first electrode device and the second electrode device.

14. The biosensor as claimed in claim 6 , in which the first electrode device and the second electrode device and/or the third electrode device are arranged in such a manner relative to one another that substantially uncurved field lines of an electric field which is generated between the first electrode device and the second electrode device and/or the third electrode device can form between the first electrode device and the second electrode device and/or the third electrode device.

15. The biosensor as claimed in claim 6 , comprising:

a multiplicity of first electrode devices which have a holding region for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers;

a multiplicity of second electrode devices;

a multiplicity of third electrode devices;

the first and second electrode devices being arranged as an array; and

the second electrode devices and the third electrode devices being designed in such a manner that the reduction/oxidation process takes place as part of a reduction/oxidation recycling operation at the second electrode devices and at the third electrode devices.

16. A method for detecting macromolecular biopolymers using a biosensor, the method comprising:

providing a first electrode device, which has a holding region for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers;

providing a second electrode device;

providing a control unit for controlling the first and the second electrode device;

wherein the first electrode device and/or the second electrode device is/are divided into a plurality of electrode segments, the electrode segments are electrically insulated from one another but can be electrically coupled to one another for adjusting the size of the effective electrode face area as a function of the electrode segments selected and coupled;

wherein the control unit controls the size of the effective electrode face area, adjusting the size of the effective electrode face area to the strength of the electrical signals from the electrode devices by coupling or decoupling the electrode segments to each other or from each other, providing a biosensor, the biosensor comprising:

a first electrode device, which has a holding region for holding probe molecules which can bind macromolecular biopolymers; and

a second electrode device;

a control unit for controlling the first and the second electrode device;

wherein the first electrode device and/or the second electrode device is/are divided into a plurality of electrode segments, the electrode segments are electrically insulated from one another but can be electrically coupled to one another for adjusting the size of the effective electrode face area as a function of the electrode segments selected and coupled,

wherein the control unit controls the size of the effective electrode face area, adjusting the size of the effective electrode face area to the strength of the electrical signals from the electrode devices by coupling or decoupling the electrode segments to each other or from each other;

bringing a solution which is to be analyzed into contact with the biosensor, it being possible for the solution to contain the macromolecular biopolymers which are to be recorded;

binding macromolecular biopolymers which are present in the solution which is to be analyzed to probe molecules on the first electrode device, the bound macromolecular biopolymers being marked with an enzyme;

rinsing the biosensor with a rinsing solution, so that the solution which is to be analyzed is removed;

bringing a further solution containing molecules which can be cleaved by the enzyme into contact with the biosensor;

cleaving the cleavable molecules into a first part-molecule having a first charge and a second part-molecule having a second charge;

oxidizing or reducing the first part-molecule at one of the electrode devices, generating a measurement current;

selecting and electronically coupling electrode segments of the respective electrode devices as a function of the measurement current; and

detecting the macromolecular biopolymers as a function of the measurement current.