Suppressor tRNA system
The present invention provides techniques and reagents for read-through of stop codons in mammalian cells. In certain embodiments, the invention provides methods in which a mammalian cell is contacted with a synthesized tRNA so that the tRNA is taken up into the cell at levels that allow read-through of stop codons. Preferably, the synthesized suppressor tRNA is aminoacylated, optionally with an unnatural amino acid. In certain preferred embodiments, the inventive system is utilized to generate proteins containing two or more unnatural amino acids.
1. An isolated mammalian cell including a suppressor tRNA that was not synthesized by the cell.
2. The mammalian cell of claim 1 , wherein the suppressor tRNA is not a substrate for any tRNA synthetase in the cell.
3. The mammalian cell of claim 1 , wherein the tRNA was acylated prior to being introduced into the cell.
4. An isolated mammalian cell which synthesizes a polypeptide including at least one unnatural amino acid by read-thru of a nonsense codon by a tRNA that was not synthesized by a cell.
5. A method for synthesizing proteins in mammalian cells by translation of genes containing at least one stop codon within the open reading frame, the method comprising steps of:
contacting an isolated mammalian cell with a suppressor tRNA that was not synthesized within the cell, so that the tRNA is taken up into the cell in a level sufficient to allow read-through of at least one stop codon in the cell.
6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the step of contacting comprises:
contacting the mammalian cell with an aminoacylated suppressor tRNA.
7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the aminoacylated suppressor tRNA is aminoacylated with an unnatural amino acid.
8. A method for synthesizing proteins in mammalian cells by translation of genes containing at least two stop codons within the open reading frame, the method comprising steps of:
providing an isolated mammalian cell containing at least one gene that includes at least two stop codons;
contacting the cell with at least two different aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs so that the aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs are taken up into the cell at a level that allows read-through of the at least two stop codons.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the step of contacting comprises contacting the mammalian cell with at least two aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs, at least one of which is amino acylated with an unnatural amino acid.
10. A method for synthesizing proteins in mammalian cells by translation of genes containing at least one stop codon within the open reading frame, the method comprising steps of:
providing an isolated mammalian cell containing at least a first gene and a second gene, each of which includes at least one stop codon, wherein the stop codon(s) in the first gene and the second gene are of different types;
contacting the cell with at least two different aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs so that the aminoacylated suppressor tRNAs are taken up into the cell at a level that allows read-through of the stop codons.