Ligand for G-protein coupled receptor GPR43 and uses thereof
The present invention is related to the G-protein coupled orphan receptor GPR43 and the identification of short chain fatty acids as natural ligands of the receptor. The invention further relates to assays for the identification of agents that modulate GPR43 ligand binding and signaling activity, as well as compositions consisting essentially of an isolated GPR43 polypeptide and an isolated short chain fatty acid. The invention also relates to diagnostic methods and kits that take advantage of the novel interaction of GPR43 with short chain fatty acids.
1. A method of identifying an agent that modulates the function of GPR43, said method comprising:
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a short chain fatty acid in the presence or absence of a candidate modulator under conditions permitting binding of said short chain fatty acid to said GPR43 polypeptide; and
(b) measuring binding of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide to said short chain fatty acid , wherein a decrease in binding in the presence of said candidate modulator, relative to binding in the absence of said candidate modulator, identifies said candidate modulator as an agent that modulates the function of GPR43.
2. A method of detecting, in a sample, the presence of an agent that modulates the function of GPR43, said method comprising
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a short chain fatty acid in the presence or absence of said sample under conditions permitting binding of said short chain fatty acid to said GPR43 polypeptide; and
(b) measuring binding of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide to said short chain fatty acid , wherein a decrease in binding In the presence of said sample, relative to binding in the absence of said sample, indicates the presence, in said sample of an agent that modulates the function of GPR43.
3. A method of identifying an agent that modulates the function of GPR43, said method comprising:
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a short chain fatty acid in the presence or absence of a candidate modulator; and
(b) measuring a signalling activity of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide, wherein a change in the activity in the presence of said candidate modulator relative to the activity in the absence of said candidate modulator identifies said candidate modulator as an agent that modulates the function of GPR43.
4. A method of identifying an agent that modulates the function of GPR43, said method comprising:
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a candidate modulator;
(b) measuring a signalling activity of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide in the presence of said candidate modulator; and
(c) comparing said activity measured in the presence of said candidate modulator to said activity measured in a reaction in which said GPR43 polypeptide is contacted with a short chain fatty acid, wherein said candidate. modulator is identified as an agent that modulates the function of GPR43 when the amount of said activity measured in the presence of said candidate modulator is at least 20% of the amount induced by said short chain fatty acid.
5. A method of detecting the presence, in a sample, of an agent that modulates the function of GPR43, said method comprising:
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with short chain fatty acid in the presence or absence of said sample;
(b) measuring a signalling activity of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide; and
(c) comparing the amount of said activity measured in a reaction containing GPR43 and short chain fatty acid without said sample to the amount of said activity measured in a reaction containing GPR43, short chain fatty acid and said sample, wherein a change in said activity in the presence of said sample relative to the activity in the absence of said sample indicates the presence, in said sample, of an agent that modulates the function of GPR43.
6. A method of detecting the presence, in a sample, of an agent that modulates the function of GPR43, said method comprising:
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with said sample;
(b) measuring a signalling activity of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide in the presence of said sample; and
(c) comparing said activity measured in the presence of said sample to said activity measured in a reaction in which said GPR43 polypeptide is contacted with a short chain fatty acid, wherein an agent that modulates the function of GPR43 is detected if the amount of said activity measured in the presence of said sample is at least 20% of the amount induced by said short chain fatty acid.
7. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said short chain fatty acid is detectably labeled.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein said short chain fatty acid is detectably labeled with a moiety selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a fluorophore, a quencher of fluorescence, an enzyme, and an affinity tag.
9. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said contacting is performed in or on a cell expressing said GPR43 polypeptide.
10. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said contacting is performed in or on synthetic liposomes.
11. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said contacting is performed in or on virus-induced budding membranes containing a GPR43 polypeptide.
12. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said method is performed using a membrane fraction from cells expressing said GPR43 polypepticie.
13. The method of either of claims 1 or 2 wherein said measuring is performed using a method selected from the group consisting of label displacement, surface plasmon resonance, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, fluorescence quenching, and fluorescence polarization.
14. The method of any one of claims 1 - 6 wherein said agent is selected from the group consisting of a peptide, a polypeptide, an antibody or antigen-binding fragment thereof, a lipid, a carbohydrate, a nucleic acid, and a small organic molecule.
15. The method of any one of claims 3 - 6 wherein said step of measuring a signalling activity of said GPR43 polypeptide comprises detecting a change in the level of a second messenger.
16. The method of any one of claims 3 - 6 wherein the step of measuring a signalling activity comprises measurement of guanine nucleotide binding or exchange, adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP, Protein Kinase C activity, phosphatidylinosotol breakdown, diacylglycerol, inositol triphosphate, intracellular calcium, arachinoid acid, MAP kinase activity, tyrosine kinase activity, or reporter gene expression.
17. The method of claim 16 wherein said measuring a signalling activity comprises using an aequorin-based assay.
18. A method for identifying an agent which modulates PMN chemotaxis, comprising
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a short chain fatty acid in the presence and or absence of a candidate agent under conditions permitting binding of said short chain fatty acid to said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide; and
(b) measuring a signalling activity of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide wherein a change in signalling activity of said GPR43 in the presence of said candidate agent, relative to the signalling activity in the absence of said candidate modulator, identifies said candidate agent as an agent which modulates PMN chemotaxis.
19. A method for identifying an agent which modulates PMN chemotaxis, comprising
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a short chain fatty acid in the presence or absence of a candidate agent under conditions permitting binding of said short chain fatty acid to said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide; and
(b) measuring binding of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide to said short chain fatty acid , wherein a decrease in binding in the presence of said candidate agent, relative to binding in the absence of said candidate modulator, identifies said candidate agent as an agent that modulates PMN chemotaxis.
20. The method of claim 18 or 19 , wherein said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide is present in the cell membrane of a PMN cell.
21. The method of claim 18 or 19 , wherein said short chain fatty acid is detectably labeled.
22. The method of claim 21 wherein said short chain fatty acid is detectably labeled with a moiety selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a fluorophore, a quencher of fluorescence, an enzyme, and an affinity tag.
23. A method for identifying an agent which modulates PMN chemotaxis, comprising:
(a) contacting a recombinant GPR43 polypeptide comprising the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 with a candidate modulator;
(b) measuring a signaling activity of said recombinant GPR43 polypeptide in the presence of said candidate modulator; and
(c) comparing said activity measured in the presence of said candidate modulator to said activity measured in a reaction in which said GPR43 polypeptide is contacted with a short chain fatty acid, wherein said candidate modulator is identified as an agent that modulates PMN chemotaxis when the amount of said activity measured in the presence of said candidate modulator is at least 20% of the amount induced by said short chain fatty acid.
24. The method of claim 23 , wherein said recombinant GPR43 receptor is present in the cell membrane of a PMN cell.
25. The method of claim 23 , wherein said short chain fatty acid is detectably labeled.
26. The method of claim 25 wherein said short chain fatty acid is detectably labeled with a moiety selected from the group consisting of a radioisotope, a fluorophore, a quencher of fluorescence, an enzyme, and an affinity tag.