Hybrid electric vehicle incorporating an integrated propulsion system
A hybrid electric vehicle drive system comprising a combustion engine, an electric motor and at least one nickel metal hydride battery module forming a power source for providing electric power to the electric motor, the at least one nickel metal battery module having a peak power density in relation to energy density as defined by: P >1,375−15 E where P is the peak power density as measured in Watts/kilogram and E is the energy density as measured in Watt-hours/kilogram.
1. A hybrid electric vehicle drive system, comprising:
a combustion engine;
an electric motor; and
at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module providing electric power to said electric motor, said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module having an internal resistance effective to provide a peak power density P of at least 800 Watts/kilogram and an energy density E of at least 40 Watt-hours/kilogram.
2. The drive system of claim 1 , wherein said peak power density is at least 1000 Watts/kilogram.
3. The drive system of claim 1 , wherein said energy density is at least 45 Watt-hours/kilogram.
4. The drive system of claim 1 , wherein said at least one battery module includes negative electrodes having porous metal substrates formed substantially of copper.
5. A hybrid electric vehicle, comprising:
a power system comprising:
a combustion engine, and
an electric motor; and
at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module coupled to said power system and providing electric power to said electric motor, said battery module having an internal resistance effective to provide a peak power density P of at least 800 Watts/kilogram and an energy density E of at least 40 watt-hours/kilogram.
6. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 5 , wherein said peak power density is at least 1000 Watts /kilogram.
7. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 5 , wherein said energy density is at least 45 Watt-hours/kilogram.
8. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 5 , further comprising a regenerative braking system providing charging current for said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module.
9. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 5 , further comprising a cooling system for cooling said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module.
10. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 9 , wherein said cooling system includes:
a battery-pack case, said case including at least one coolant inlet means and at least one coolant outlet means, said at least one battery module disposed within said case, said at least one battery module being positioned within said case such that said battery module and said case, and/or said battery module and another battery module form coolant flow channels along at least one surface of said battery module; and
at least one coolant transport means, said coolant transport means causing said coolant to enter said coolant inlet means of said case, to flow through said coolant flow channels and to exit said coolant outlet means of said case.
11. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 10 , wherein the width of said coolant flow channels is sized so that said cooling system maintains the temperature of said at least one battery module below 65° C.
12. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 11 , wherein the width of said coolant flow channels is sized so that said cooling system maintains the temperature difference between said at least one battery module below 8° C.
13. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 9 , wherein said cooling system uses a liquid coolant.
14. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 5 , wherein said at least one nickel-metal hybride battery module includes negative electrodes and positive electrodes.
15. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein said negative electrodes include porous metal substrates formed substantially of copper.
16. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein said negative electrodes include a hydrogen storage alloy comprising the following composition:
(Base Alloy) a Co b Mn c Al d Fe e La f Mo g
were
Base Alloy represents a disordered multicomponent alloy having at least one structure selected from the group consisting of amorphous, microcrystalline, polycrystalline, and any combination of these structures;
b is 0 to 7.5 atomic percent;
c is 0 to 8.5 atomic percent;
d is 0 to 2.5 atomic percent;
e is 0 to 6 atomic percent;
f is 0 to 4.5 atomic percent;
g is 0 to 6.5 atomic percent;
b+c+d+e+f+g>0; and
a+b+c+d+e+f+g=100 atomic percent.
17. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein said negative electrodes include an AB 2 type hydrogen storage alloy.
18. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein said negative electrodes include an AB 5 type hydrogen storage alloy.
19. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein said positive electrodes include disordered γ-phase nickel hydroxide active material.
20. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein said positive electrodes include a conductive material added to a nickel hydroxide active material, said conductive material selected from the group consisting of nickel particles, nickel fibers, graphite particles, nickel plated graphite particles, nickel plated copper particles, nickel plated copper fibers, nickel flakes, and nickel plated copper flakes.
21. A hybrid electric vehicle drive system, comprising:
a combustion engine;
an electric motor; and
at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module providing electric power to said electric motor, said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module having an internal resistance effective to provide a peak power density P of at least 1000 Watts/kilogram and an energy density E of at least 30 Watt-hours/kilogram.
22. The drive system of claim 21 , wherein said energy density is at least 35 Watt-hours/kilogram.
23. The drive system of claim 21 , wherein said energy density is at least 40 Watt-hours/kilogram.
24. The drive system of claim 21 , wherein said at least one battery module includes negative electrodes having porous metal substrates formed substantially of copper.
25. A hybrid electric vehicle comprising:
a power system comprising:
a combustion engine, and
an electric motor; and
at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module coupled to said power system and providing electric power to said electric motor, said battery module having an internal resistance effective to provide a peak power density P of at least 1000 Watts/kilogram and an energy density E of at least 30 Watt-hours/kilogram.
26. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 25 , wherein said peak power density is at least 35 Watts/kilogram.
27. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 25 , wherein said energy density is at least 40 Watt-hours/kilogram.
28. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 25 , further comprising a regenerative braking system providing charging current for said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module.
29. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 25 , further comprising a cooling system for cooling said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module.
30. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 29 , wherein said cooling system includes:
a battery-pack case, said case including at least one coolant inlet means and at least one coolant outlet means, said at least one battery module disposed within said case, said at least one batter module being positioned within said case such that said battery module and said case, and/or said battery module and another battery module form coolant flow channels along at least one surface of said battery module; and
at least one coolant transport means, said coolant transport means causing said coolant to enter said coolant inlet means of said case, to flow through said coolant flow channels and to exit said coolant outlet means of said case.
31. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 30 , wherein the width of said coolant flow channels is sized so that said cooling system maintains the temperature of said at least one battery module below 65° C.
32. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 31 , therein the width of said coolant flow channels is sized so that said cooling system maintains the temperature difference between said at least one battery module below 8° C.
33. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 29 , wherein said cooling system uses a liquid coolant.
34. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 25 , wherein said at least one nickel-metal hydride battery module includes negative electrodes and positive electrodes.
35. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 34 , wherein said negative electrodes include porous metal substrates formed substantially of copper.
36. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 34 , wherein said negative electrodes include a hydrogen storage alloy comprising the following composition:
(Base Alloy) a Co b Mn c Al d Fe e La f Mo g
were
Base Alloy represents a disordered multicomponent alloy having at least one structure selected from the group consisting of amorphous, microcrystalline, polycrystalline, and any combination of these structures;
b is 0 to 7.5 atomic percent;
c is 0 to 8.5 atomic percent;
d is 0 to 2.5 atomic percent;
e is 0 to 6 atomic percent;
f is 0 to 4.5 atomic percent;
g is 0 to 6.5 atomic percent;
b+c+d+e+f+g>0; and
a+b+c+d+e+f+g=100 atomic percent.
37. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 34 , wherein said negative electrodes include n AB 2 type hydrogen storage alloy.
38. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 34 , wherein said negative electrodes include a AB 5 type hydrogen storage alloy.
39. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 34 , wherein said positive electrodes include a disordered γ-phase nickel hydroxide active material.
40. The hybrid electric vehicle of claim 34 , wherein said positive electrodes include a conductive material added to a nickel hydroxide active material, said conductive material selected from the group consisting of nickel particles, nickel fibers, graphite particles, nickel plated graphite particles, nickel plated copper particles, nickel plated copper fibers, nickel flakes, and nickel plated copper flakes.