Plasma generation and processing with multiple radiation sources
Plasma-assisted methods and apparatus that use multiple radiation sources are provided. In one embodiment, a plasma is ignited by subjecting a gas in a processing cavity to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, which may be passive or active. A controller can be used to delay activation of one radiation source with respect to another.
1. A radiation apparatus, comprising:
a radiation cavity;
a first radiation source for directing electromagnetic radiation having a frequency less than about 333 GHz into the cavity to facilitate formation of plasma in the cavity;
a second radiation source for directing electromagnetic radiation into the cavity;
a controller for sequentially activating the second radiation source after the first radiation source is activated; and a detector that provides an indication of radiation absorption, and wherein the controller delays activation of the second radiation source until after the controller receives a signal from the detector that a predetermined absorption level has been reached.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising at least one additional radiation source, and wherein the controller is configured to activate the additional radiation source only after at least one of the first and second radiation sources is activated.
3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of additional radiation sources, and wherein the controller is configured to activate each of the plurality of additional radiation sources only after at least one of the first and second radiation sources is activated.
4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller delays activation of the second radiation source for a predetermined period following activation of the first radiation source.
5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first radiation source is configured to generate radiation that is cross-polarized relative to radiation generated by the second radiation source.
6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein each of the first radiation source and the second radiation source comprises at least one of a magnetron, a klystron, a gyrotron, a traveling-wave tube amplifier, and any other source of radiation.
7. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a catalyst located proximate the cavity, for cooperating with the radiation to cause the gas to form a plasma.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the catalyst is at least one of an active catalyst and a passive catalyst.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of metal, inorganic material, carbon, carbon-based alloy, carbon-based composite, electrically conductive polymer, conductive silicone elastomer, polymer nanocomposite, and an organic-inorganic composite.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nano-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the catalyst comprises carbon fiber.
12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nato-particle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.
13. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an isolator for protectively separating the second radiation source from the first radiation source.
14. A plasma apparatus, comprising:
a chamber;
a conduit for supplying a gas to the chamber;
a plurality of radiation sources arranged to radiate electromagnetic radiation into the chamber;
a controller for delaying activation of all but a first of the plurality radiation sources until after a first radiation source is activated; and
a detector that provides an indication of radiation absorption, and wherein the controller delays activation of each one of the plurality of radiation sources until after the controller receives a signal from the detector that a predetermined absorption level has been reached.
15. The plasma apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the controller delays activation of at least one of the plurality of radiation sources for a predetermined period following activation of the first radiation source and wherein each of the remaining plurality of radiation sources is successively activated at predetermined intervals.
16. The plasma apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the first radiation source is configured to generate radiation that is cross-polarized relative to radiation generated by at least one of the plurality of radiation sources.
17. The plasma apparatus of claim 14 , wherein each of the first radiation source and each one of the plurality radiation sources comprises at least one of a magnetron, a klystron, a gyrotron, a traveling-wave tube amplifier/oscillator, and any other source of radiation.
18. The plasma apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a catalyst located proximate the cavity, for cooperating with the radiation to cause the gas to form a plasma.
19. The plasma apparatus of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst is at least one of an active catalyst and a passive catalyst.
20. The plasma apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the catalyst comprises at least one of metal, inorganic material, carbon, carbon-based alloy, carbon-based composite, electrically conductive polymer, conductive silicone elastomer, polymer nanocomposite, and an organic-inorganic composite.
21. The plasma apparatus of claim 20 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nanoparticle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.
22. The plasma apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the catalyst comprises carbon fiber.
23. The plasma apparatus of claim 19 , wherein the catalyst is in the form of at least one of a nanoparticle, a nano-tube, a powder, a dust, a flake, a fiber, a sheet, a needle, a thread, a strand, a filament, a yarn, a twine, a shaving, a sliver, a chip, a woven fabric, a tape, and a whisker.
24. The plasma apparatus of claim 19 wherein the plasma catalyst comprises an active plasma catalyst including at least one ionizing particle.
25. The plasma apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle comprises a beam of particles.
26. The plasma apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the particle is at least one of an x-ray particle, a gamma ray particle, an alpha particle, a beta particle, a neutron, and a proton.
27. The plasma apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the at least one ionizing particle is a charged particle.
28. The plasma apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the ionizing particle comprises a radioactive fission product.
29. The plasma apparatus of claim 14 , further comprising a plurality of isolators for protectively separating each one of the plurality of radiation sources from each other and from the first radiation source.
30. The plasma apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the chamber is a waveguide.