Silane-modified phenolic resins and applications thereof
A silane-modified phenolic resin is prepared by reacting a phenolic compound (e.g., resorcinol) with an aldehyde to produce a phenolic novolak resin. The phenolic novolak resin is further reacted with at least one silane compound to produce the silane-modified phenolic resin. The reaction is typically carried out in the presence of an acid or base catalyst. The resulting resin has a lower softening point and can be used as a methylene acceptor compound in a vulcanizable rubber composition.
1. A vulcanizable rubber composition comprising (a) a rubber component, (b) a methylene donor compound which generates formaldehyde by heating; and (c) a methylene acceptor comprising a silane-modified phenolic resin obtained by the process comprising reacting a phenolic novolak resin with a silane or a mixture of silane compounds represented by Formula (C), (D), or (E):
wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, phenyl group, cycloalkyl group; R 9 is a divalent saturated or unsaturated aliphatic straight or branched hydrocarbon group with 1 to 12 carbon atoms; X is a thiol, amino, isocyanato, urea or glycidylether group; Z is S x or a NH group, wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8; and R 10 is a vinyl group or an alkoxy group.
2. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane-modified phenolic resin is not substantially cross-linked before the rubber composition is vulcanized.
3. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein no substantial amount of siloxane polymer is formed during the reaction to produce the silane-modified phenolic resin.
4. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the rubber component is selected from natural rubber, styrene-butadiene rubber, butadiene rubber, isoprene rubber, acrylonitrile-butadiene rubber, chloroprene rubber, butyl rubber, halogenated butyl rubber, ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (EPDM) rubber, or mixtures thereof.
5. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , further comprising a reinforcing material selected from steel, polyester, nylon, aramid, fiberglass, or a combination thereof.
6. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 4 , wherein the reinforcing material is a steel cord coated by brass, zinc or bronze.
7. A fabricated article comprising the vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 .
8. The fabricated article of claim 7 , whercin the fabricated article is a tire, a power belt, a conveyor belt, a printing roll, a rubber shoe heel, a rubber shoe sole, an automobile floor mat, a truck mud flap, or a ball mill liner.
9. A method of making a fabricated rubber article, comprising:
obtaining a vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , mixed with a cross-linking agent;
embedding a reinforcing material in the vulcanizable rubber composition; and
effecting cross-linking of the rubber composition,
wherein the reinforcing material is embedded in the rubber composition before the cross-linking and is substantially free of a silane coating before the embedding.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcing material is selected from steel, polyester, nylon, aramid, fiberglass, or a combination thereof.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the reinforcing material is in the form of wire or cord.
12. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic novolak resin is selected from phenol-formaldehyde novolak, phenol-alkyl-phenol-formaldehyde novolak, phenol-aralkylphenol-formaldehyde novolak, high ortho phenol-formaldehyde novolak, phenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, alkylphenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, aralkylphenol-resorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, resorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, alkylresorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, alkyl-resorcinol-resorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, aralkylresorcinol-resorcinol-formaldehyde novolak, or mixtures thereof.
13. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic novolak resin is obtained by reacting one or more phenolic compounds represented by formula (A) with one or more aldehyde or ketone compounds:
wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 represent independently an organic group selected from hydrogen, hydroxyl, an alkyl having 1 to 15 carbon atoms, an aralkyl having 8 to 12 carbon atoms, halogen or an amino group.
14. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is a phenol, alkyl substituted phenol, or aralkyl substituted phenol.
15. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is a mixture of phenol and alkyl or aryl substituted phenol.
16. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is a resorcinol or alkyl substituted resorcinol or an aralkyl substituted resorcinol.
17. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is a mixture of resorcinol and alkyl or aryl substituted resorcinol.
18. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is a mixture of two compounds: the first compound is selected from phenol or alkyl substituted phenol; the second compound is selected from resorcinol or alkyl substituted resorcinol or an aralkyl substituted resorcinol.
19. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-phenylphenol, p-phenylphenol, 3,5-xylenol, 3,4-xylenol, 3-ethylphenol, 3,5-diethylphenol, p-butylphenol, 3,5-dibutylphenol, p-amylphenol, p-cyclohexylphenol, p-octylphenol, p-nonylphenol, styrylphenol, 3,5-dicyclohexyl-phenol, p-crotylphenol, 3,5-dimethoxyphenol, 3,4,5-trimethoxyphenol, p-ethoxy-phenol, p-butoxyphenol, 3-methyl-4-methoxyphenol, p-phenoxyphenol, aminophenol, or mixtures thereof.
20. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is resorcinol, 5-methylresorcinol, 5-ethylresorcinol, 5-propylresorcinol, 2-methyl-resorcinol, 4-methylresorcinol, 4-ethylresorcinol, 4-propylresorcinol, styrylresorcinol, or mixtures thereof.
21. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the phenolic compound is phloroglucinol, pyrogallol, cashew nut shell liquid, or mixtures thereof.
22. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the aldehyde is formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, iso-butyraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde, benzaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, cinnamaldehyde, or mixtures thereof.
23. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane is represented by Formula (C):
wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, phenyl group, cycloalkyl group; R 9 is a divalent saturated or unsaturated aliphatic straight or branched hydrocarbon group with 1 to 12 carbon atoms; X is a thiol, amino, isocyanato, urea or glycidylether group.
24. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane is 3-(aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane, 3-(isocyanatopropyl)triethoxysilane, 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane, 3-(mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane, N-beta-aminoethyl-3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, 3-(aminopropyl)trimethoxysilane, 3-(aminoethyl)triethoxysilane, 3-(glycidyloxyethyl)-triethoxysilane, 3-(mercaptopropyl)triethoxysilane, N-beta-aminoethyl-3-(aminoethyl)-trimethoxysilane, 3-(aminobutyl)triethoxysilane, (aminoethyl)trimethoxysilane, 3-(amino-propyl)methyl-diethoxysilane, N-(3-(triethoxysilyl)propyl)urea, or mixtures thereof.
25. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane is represented by Formula (D):
wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, phenyl group, cycloalkyl group; R 9 is a divalent saturated or unsaturated aliphatic straight or branched hydrocarbon group with 1 to 12 carbon atoms; Z is S x or a NH group wherein x is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or 8.
26. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane is a bis-silyl polysulfur silane.
27. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 26 , wherein the bis-silyl polysulfur silane is 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, 2,2′.bis(triethoxysilylethyl)tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(triethoxysilylpropyl)trisulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)hexasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trimethoxysilylpropyl)octasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trioctoxysilylpropyl)tetrasulfide, 3,3′-bis(trihexoxysilylpropyl)disulfide, bis-silyl aminosilanes, or mixtures thereof.
28. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane is represented by Formula (E):
wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently an alkyl group of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, an alkoxy group of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, phenyl group, cycloalkyl group, and R 10 is a vinyl group or an alkoxy group.
29. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane is vinylmethyldiethoxysilane, vinylmethyldimethoxysilane, vinyltriethoxysilane, vinyltributoxysilane, vinyltriisopropoxysilane, vinyltriisopropenoxysilane, vinyltrimethoxysilane, vinyltriphenoxysilane, vinyltris(2-methoxyethoxy)silane, vinyldimethylethoxysilane, or mixtures thereof.
30. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the reaction to make the phenolic novolak resin further comprises a vinyl aromatic compound.
31. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 30 , wherein the vinyl aromatic compound is represented by R 11 —CH═CH 2 , wherein R 11 is phenyl or substituted phenyl.
32. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 30 , wherein the vinyl aromatic compound is styrene, α-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, α-chlorostyrene, divinylbenzene, vinyl-naphthalene, indene, or vinyltoluene.
33. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the silane-modified phenolic resin is not further hydrolyzed.
34. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the number of equivalents of alkoxy groups in the silane compound to the number of equivalents of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the phenolic novolak resin is less than 1.
35. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the number of equivalents of alkoxy groups in the silane compound to the number of equivalents of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the phenolic novolak resin is less than 0.1.
36. The vulcanizable rubber composition of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the number of equivalents of alkoxy groups in the silane compound to the number of equivalents of phenolic hydroxyl groups in the phenolic novolak resin is less than 0.01.