Biocatalytic direct alcohol fuel cell

1. A biocatalytic direct alcohol fuel cell comprising an anode chamber, one or more cathode chambers, and an ion exchange membrane between the anode chamber and the one or more cathode chambers, wherein the anode chamber contains a biocatalyst for oxidation of a fuel, a mediator, and a metal oxide or a metal salt as a stabilizer, and the one or more cathode chamber contains a chemical catalyst, a biocatalyst or a combination thereof for reduction of oxygen or for reduction of an oxidant.

2. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell comprises two cathode chambers.

3. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the biocatalyst contained by the anode chamber is an enzyme without a NADH co-factor.

4. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the enzyme is an alcohol dehydrogenase.

5. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the anode chamber further contains fuel, a buffering agent, a current collector electrode, and electron conductor.

6. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the fuel is a lower alcohol or an aqueous solution thereof.

7. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the mediator is N,N,N′,N′ tetramethyl phenylene diamine.

8. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the current collector electrode is a nickel or steel net or a graphite membrane.

9. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the electron conductor is a graphite coating containing fine-grained graphite powder and a binder.

10. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 5 , wherein the electron conductor is a graphite coating, and wherein the biocatalyst is free in the fuel or the biocatalyst is mechanically entrapped onto a surface of the current collector electrode with a dialysis membrane, and the mediator and the stabilizer are attached to a surface of the current collector electrode by the graphite coating, or the biocatalyst, the mediator and the stabilizer are fixed onto the surface of the current collector electrode by the graphite coating, or the biocatalyst, the mediator and the stabilizer are fixed onto the surface of an ion exchange membrane by the graphite coating.

11. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 10 , wherein the biocatalyst is mechanically entrapped onto the surface with a dialysis membrane, and the mediator and the stabilizer are fixed onto the surface of the current collector electrode by means of a graphite coating, or the biocatalyst, the mediator and the stabilizer are fixed onto the surface of the current collector electrode by means of a graphite coating.

12. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the one or more cathode chambers contain a chemical wet cathode, wherein the chemical catalyst is fixed onto a surface of a current donor electrode by means of a conductive material and a liquid electrolyte, and the oxygen flows into the one or more cathode chambers from atmospheric air through an oxygen-permeable membrane.

13. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the one or more cathode chambers contain a solid electrolyte and a chemical dry cathode, whereby the chemical catalyst, the dry cathode and a current donor electrode are fixed together onto the surface of the ion exchange membrane, and the fuel cell is in direct contact with air.

14. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the oxygen required for a cathode reaction is a non-atmospheric chemical form of oxygen, the chemical being stored in a separate closed reservoir attached to the one or more cathode chambers, the reservoir being in communication with the one or more cathode chambers through an oxygen-permeable membrane.

15. A method of producing electrical power with a device as claimed in claim 1 , comprising:

oxidizing fuel in an anode chamber by using a biocatalyst;

conveying the generated electrons to a current collector electrode by means of a mediator; and

reducing oxygen or a corresponding oxidant in a cathode chamber by means of electrons originating from a current donor electrode and a chemical catalyst, a biocatalyst or a combination thereof.

16. A method of monitoring the state of a fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , comprising:

monitoring the color change of a liquid comprised by an anode chamber visually through one or more transparent walls of the anode chamber.

17. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 wherein the fuel cell in use produces electrical power.

18. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 12 , wherein said chemical catalyst is silver and said conductive material is a graphite coating.

19. The fuel cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide or metal salt is selected from the group consisting of TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 and K 3 Fe (CN) 6 .

20. A biocatalytic direct alcohol fuel cell comprising:

an anode chamber;

at least one cathode chambers; and

an ion exchange membrane between the anode chamber and the at least one cathode chamber, wherein,

the anode chamber comprises an enzyme for oxidation of a fuel, a mediator that transfers electrons released during oxidation to enhance electron transfer, and a metal oxide stabilizer or a metal salt stabilizer that prevents inactivation of the mediator to further enhance electron transfer, and

the at least one cathode chamber comprises at least one of a chemical catalyst and a biocatalyst for reduction of oxygen or an oxidant.