Permittivity based temperature measurement and related methods
A method for determining temperature of a material ( 32 ) comprising: measuring at least one of the real and imaginary part of the permittivity of the material ( 32 ) at each of at least one frequency ( 36 ) for which substantially only a single component of the material contributes to the dielectric permittivity of the material ( 32 ), for which known component the permittivity as a function of temperature is known; and using at least one of the determined real and imaginary part of the permittivity at each of the at least one frequency and the dependence of the permittivity of the known component on temperature to determine temperature of the known component and thereby of the material ( 32 ).
1. A method for determining temperature of a material comprising:
determining the permittivity of the material as a function of temperature;
measuring at least one of the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity of the material at each of at least one frequency; and
using at least one of the determined real and imaginary part of the permittivity at each of the at least one frequency and the dependence of the permittivity on temperature to determine temperature of the material.
2. A method according to claim 1 wherein using at least one of the measured real and imaginary parts of the permittivity to determine temperature, comprises determining a value for a ratio between the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity measured at a same frequency of the at least one frequency and determining temperature from the value.
3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the at least one frequency comprises first and second frequencies and using the measured real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity to determine temperature comprises determining a value for a ratio between the real or imaginary part of the permittivity at the first frequency and the real or imaginary part of the permittivity at the second frequency and determining temperature from the value.
4. A method according to claim 1 wherein determining permittivity as a function of temperature comprises determining the permittivity responsive to the permittivities of a plurality of components of the material and their relative concentrations.
5. A method according to claim 1 wherein the material is living tissue.
6. A method according to claim 5 wherein the living tissue is tissue in an ear.
7. A method according to claim 1 wherein determining the permittivity as a function of temperature comprises determining the permittivity to be equal to that of a single component of the material whose permittivity as a function of temperature is known.
8. A method according to claim 7 wherein the known component of the material is a dipolar molecule that is not bonded to another molecule.
9. A method according to claim 8 wherein the dipolar molecule is water.
10. A method according to claim 9 wherein the at least one frequency is a frequency in a range from about 10 10 Hz to about 50×10 10 Hz.
11. A method according to claim 1 wherein measuring the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity at each of the at least one frequency comprises measuring the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity inside the material and determining a temperature comprises determining an internal temperature of the material.
12. A method according to claim 11 wherein measuring the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity inside the material comprises:
directing an electromagnetic wave so that it is incident on the material;
measuring amplitude and phase of an electromagnetic wave reflected by the material from the incident wave;
measuring amplitude and phase of an electromagnetic wave resulting from the incident wave that is transmitted through the material; and
determining an average for the real and imaginary parts of the permittivity inside the material from the measured amplitudes and phases.
13. A method according to claim 11 wherein measuring the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity inside the material comprises measuring amounts of energy reflected by the material and transmitted through the material from energy of an electromagnetic wave incident on the material and determining from the reflected and transmitted energies an avenge imaginary part of the permittivity inside the material.
14. A method according to claim 13 and comprising limiting power in the incident electromagnetic wave so that during a time that it takes to measure the real and/or imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity, an amount of energy absorbed by the material from the incident wave does not substantially change the temperature of the material.
15. A method according to claim 13 wherein determining temperature of the material comprises estimating an amount by which energy absorbed by the material from the incident electromagnetic wave changes temperature of the material during measurement of the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity and using the estimated change to determine the temperature.
16. A method comprising determining the internal temperature of a material at a plurality of internal locations of the material in accordance with claim 11 and using the temperatures determined at the plurality of locations to generate a thermal map of an internal region of the material.
17. A method according to claim 1 wherein measuring the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity of the material at each of the at least one frequency comprises measuring the dielectric permittivity near a surface region of the material and determining a temperature comprises determining a temperature of the material at or in the neighborhood of the surface region.
18. A method comprising measuring the temperature of each of a plurality of surface regions of a material in accordance with the method of claim 17 and using the temperatures determined at the plurality of surface regions to generate a thermal surface map of the material.
19. A method according to claim 17 wherein measuring the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity near the surface region comprises measuring reflectance of the surface region for an electromagnetic wave incident thereon and determining the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity in a region of the material at or in the neighborhood of the surface region from the reflectance.
20. A method comprising determining the internal temperature of a material at a plurality of internal locations of the material in accordance with claim 19 and using the temperatures determined at the plurality of locations to generate a thermal map of an internal region of the material.
21. A method according to claim 19 wherein determining temperature of the material comprises estimating an amount by which energy absorbed by the material from the incident electromagnetic wave changes temperature of the material during measurement of the real and/or imaginary part of the permittivity and using the estimated change to determine the temperature.
22. A method according to claim 19 and comprising limiting power in the incident electromagnetic wave so tat during a time that it takes to measure the real and/or imaginary part of the dielectric permittivity, an amount of energy absorbed by the material from the incident wave does not substantially change the temperature of the material.
23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the power is determined so tat a rate of temperature change is less than about 0.05 degrees Celsius per second.
24. A method according to claim 22 wherein the power is determined so that a rate of temperature change is less than about 0.02 degrees Celsius per second.
25. A method for determining an amount of radiation absorbed by a material comprising:
illuminating the material with the radiation between a first time and a second time;
measuring temperature of the material at the first and second times according to claim 1 ; and
using a difference between the measured temperatures at the first and second times to determine an amount of energy absorbed from the radiation by the material.
26. A method according to claim 25 wherein the radiation is acoustic radiation.
27. A method according to claim 25 , wherein the material is living tissue.
28. A method according to claim 25 wherein the radiation is electromagnetic radiation.
29. A method according to claim 28 wherein the electromagnetic radiation is light.
30. A method according to claim 29 wherein the light is IR light.
31. A method comprising determining an amount of radiation absorbed by a material at each of a plurality of regions of the material according to claim 25 and using the amounts of absorption at the plurality of regions to provide a spatial map of the absorption of the radiation by the material.
32. A method for assaying a component of a material comprising:
determining an amount of radiation absorbed by the material in accordance with claim 25 ;
determining an absorption coefficient of the component for the radiation from the amount of absorbed energy; and
determining a concentration of the component in the material from the determined absorption coefficient and a known absorption cross-section of the component.
33. A method of mapping concentration of a component in a material comprising:
assaying the component in accordance with claim 32 at a plurality of regions of the material; and
using the assays at the plurality of regions to map concentration of the material as a function of position.