Multi-mode interference optical waveguide device
A multi-mode interference (MMI) device, comprising a hollow core multi-mode waveguide optically coupled to at least one hollow core input waveguide, is described in which the internal surfaces of the hollow core waveguides carry a reflective coating. The coating may be a low refractive index material at the wavelength of operation, such as a metal, or a multiple layer dielectric stack. Resonators and optical amplifiers using such (MMI) devices are also described.
1. A multi-mode interference device comprising a hollow core multi-mode waveguide region optically coupled to at least one hollow core input waveguide, wherein the internal surfaces of said hollow core waveguides carry a reflective coating.
2. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the reflective coating comprises at least one layer of material having a refractive index less than that of the waveguide core within the operating wavelength band.
3. A device as claimed in claim 2 wherein at least one of the at least one layers of material carried on the internal surface of the hollow core waveguides is metal.
4. A device as claimed in claim 3 wherein the metal is any one of gold, silver or copper.
5. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the reflective coating comprises one or more layers of dielectric material.
6. A device as claimed in claim 1 for operation with radiation between 1.4 μm and 1.61 μm in wavelength.
7. A device a claimed in claim 1 wherein at least one hollow core input waveguide is a fundamental mode waveguide.
8. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the at least one hollow core input waveguide is a multi-mode waveguide.
9. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hollow core multi-mode waveguide region has a substantially rectangular cross-section.
10. A device according to claim 9 wherein said at least one hollow core input waveguide carries an optical input field and the dimensions of the hollow core multi-mode waveguide region are selected to provide re-imaging of said optical input field carried by said at least one hollow core input waveguide.
11. A device as claimed in claim 9 wherein opposite surfaces forming the rectangular internal cross-section of the hollow core multi-mode waveguide region have substantially equal effective refractive indices and adjacent surfaces forming the rectangular internal cross-section hollow core multi-mode waveguide region have different effective refractive indices.
12. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein said at least one hollow core input waveguide carries an optical input field and the hollow core multi-mode waveguide region has a substantially circular cross-section and the diameter and length of the hollow core multi-mode waveguide region are selected to provide re-imaging of the optical input field carried by said at least one hollow core input waveguide.
13. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hollow waveguides of the multimode interference device are formed in semiconductor material.
14. A device a claimed in claim 13 wherein the semiconductor material comprises Silicon.
15. A device as claimed in claim 13 wherein the hollow core waveguides are formed using semiconductor micro-fabrication techniques.
16. A device according to claim 15 wherein the semiconductor micro-fabrication technique is Deep Reactive Ion Etching.
17. An device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hollow core waveguides are formed in a layer of plastic or polymer.
18. An device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hollow core waveguides are formed from glass.
19. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hollow core waveguides comprises gas.
20. A device as claimed in claim 19 wherein the gas is air.
21. A device as claimed in claim 19 wherein the gas is an optical gain medium.
22. A device as claimed in claim 1 wherein the hollow core comprises liquid.
23. An optical amplifier comprising a 1-to-N way beam splitter, a multiple element optical amplifier, and a beam recombiner connected in optical series, the optical amplifier acting on at least one output of the 1-to-N way beam splitter, wherein at least one of the 1-to-N way beam splitter and beam recombiner comprise a hollow core multi-mode interference device comprising a hollow core multi-mode waveguide region optically coupled to at least one hollow core input waveguide, wherein the internal surfaces of said hollow core waveguides carry a reflective coating.
24. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 23 wherein the 1-to-N beam splitter and the beam recombiner both comprise hollow core multi-mode interference devices.
25. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 23 wherein the 1-to-N beam splitter comprises a solid core multi-mode interference splitter device.
26. An optical amplifier as claimed in claim 23 and further comprising phase offset means to adjust the relative phases of the amplified beams prior to beam recombination in the beam recombiner.
27. A resonator comprising:
a partial reflector,
a splitter/recombiner means,
a multi-element optical amplifier, and
a reflector,
the partial reflector, splitter/recombiner means, multi-element optical amplifier and reflector being arranged such that the splitter/recombiner means splits a single beam into N beams where N is greater than or equal to 2, each of the N beams are amplified by the multi-element optical amplifier, reflected by the reflector and redirected to pass back through the multi-element optical amplifier, the N beams then being recombined by the splitter/recombiner means to form a single beam, a portion of that single beam exiting the resonator through the partial reflector,
wherein the splitter/recombiner means is a hollow core multi-mode interference device comprising a hollow core multi-mode waveguide region optically coupled of at least on hollow core input waveguide, wherein the internal surfaces of said hollow core waveguides carry a reflective coating.