Plasma-assisted carburizing
A system and method of carburizing a surface region of an object includes subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation, generated from a radiation source ( 52 ), in the presence of a plasma catalyst ( 70 ) to initiate a plasma containing carbon. The method also includes exposing the surface region of the object to the plasma for a period of time sufficient to transfer at least some of the carbon from the plasma to the object through the first surface region.
1 . A method of plasma-assisted carburizing a first surface region of an object, the method comprising:
initiating a plasma by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst, wherein the plasma contains carbon; and
exposing the first surface region of the object to the plasma for a period of time sufficient to transfer at least some of the carbon from the plasma to the object through the first surface region.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of a passive catalyst and an active catalyst.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma catalyst comprises carbon, and wherein the method further comprises adding carbon to the plasma by allowing the plasma to consume the plasma catalyst.
4 . The method of claim 3 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of powdered carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, carbon fibers, graphite, solid carbon, and any combination thereof.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least two different materials in amounts determined by a predetermined ratio profile.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of x-rays, gamma radiation, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, protons, and any combination thereof.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of electrons and ions.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of a metal, carbon, a carbon-based alloy, a carbon-based composite, an electrically conductive polymer, a conductive silicone elastomer, a polymer nanocomposite, an organic-inorganic composite, and any combination thereof.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the initiating comprises initiating the plasma in a cavity from a gaseous environment having an initial pressure level of at least about 760 Torr.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposing is performed at a pressure of at least about 760 Torr.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the initiating occurs using a time-averaged microwave radiation energy density below about 10 W/cm 3 .
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposing comprises diffusing the carbon into the object below the first surface region while the first surface region is in contact with the plasma.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the diffusing occurs up to a depth of between about 0.003 inches and about 0.250 inches.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the object has a second surface region and wherein the exposing further includes substantially preventing exposure of the second surface region to the plasma.
15 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising positioning the object within a cavity such that the second surface region is separated from an inner wall of the cavity by a distance of less than about 25% of the wavelength of the microwave radiation.
16 . The method of claim 14 , further comprising orienting the object with respect to a cavity such that the first surface region is located within the cavity and the second surface region is located outside of the cavity.
17 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising mode-mixing the electromagnetic radiation.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposing comprises:
supplying the electromagnetic radiation into a cavity; and
supplying the gas into the cavity.
19 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a DC bias to the object.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the DC bias is a pulsed DC bias.
21 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing the carbon into the plasma by supplying a carbon-containing gas to the plasma.
22 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding carbon to the plasma from a source of carbon, wherein the source of carbon is a solid source selected from a group consisting of charcoal, coke, carbon fibers, graphite, amorphous carbon, cast iron, and any combination thereof.
23 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing the carbon into the plasma by supplying vaporized carbon to the plasma.
24 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the object comprises steel.
25 . The method of claim 24 , wherein the steel has an initial carbon content of less than about 0.45%.
26 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising initially heating at least a portion of the object via the plasma to between about 600° C. and about 1,100° C.
27 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating at least a portion of the object at a rate of at least 400° C. per minute until the at (east a portion reaches a temperature of at least about 600° C.
28 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising moving the object with respect to the plasma during the exposing.
29 . A system for plasma-assisted carburizing an object, the system comprising:
a plasma catalyst;
a vessel in which a cavity is formed and in which a plasma can be ignited by subjecting a gas to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of less than about 333 GHz in the presence of the plasma catalyst in the cavity; and
an electromagnetic radiation source connected to the cavity for directing radiation into the cavity.
30 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of a passive catalyst and an active catalyst.
31 . The system of claim 29 , further comprising an applicator in which the vessel is located, wherein the applicator comprises a material that is substantially opaque to the radiation.
32 . The system of claim 31 , wherein the microwave radiation has an energy distribution in the applicator, the system further comprising a microwave mode mixer that can move relative to the applicator to vary the energy distribution.
33 . The system of claim 31 , wherein the applicator is a multi-mode microwave applicator.
34 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of powdered carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, carbon fibers, graphite, solid carbon, a metal, a carbon-based alloy, a carbon-based composite, an electrically conductive polymer, a conductive silicone elastomer, a polymer nanocomposite, an organic-inorganic composite, and any combination thereof.
35 . The system of claim 34 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one carbon fiber.
36 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least two different materials in amounts determined by a predetermined ratio profile.
37 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of x-rays, gamma radiation, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, protons, and any combination thereof.
38 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of electrons and ions.
39 . The system of claim 31 , further including a source of carbon disposed within the applicator.
40 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the vessel comprises a material that is transmissive to the radiation.
41 . The system of claim 29 , wherein the applicator and the cavity are the same.
42 . A method of plasma-assisted carburizing a first surface region of an object, the method comprising:
initiating a plasma by subjecting a gas in a cavity to electromagnetic radiation having a frequency of less than about 333 GHz in the presence of a plasma catalyst;
exposing the first surface region of the object to the plasma for a period of time sufficient to heat the surface;
exposing a source of carbon to the plasma for a period of time sufficient to heat the source, wherein the source of carbon is a solid source selected from a group consisting of charcoal, coke, carbon fibers, graphite, amorphous carbon, cast iron, and any combination thereof; and
transferring at least some of the carbon from the source to the object through the first surface region.
43 . The method of claim 42 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of powdered carbon, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanoparticles, carbon fibers, graphite, solid carbon, a metal, a carbon-based alloy, a carbon-based composite, an electrically conductive polymer, a conductive silicone elastomer, a polymer nanocomposite, an organic-inorganic composite, and any combination thereof.
44 . The method of claim 43 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one carbon fiber.
45 . The method of claim 42 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of x-rays, gamma radiation, alpha particles, beta particles, neutrons, protons, and any combination thereof.
46 . The method of claim 42 , wherein the plasma catalyst includes at least one of electrons and ions.
47 . The method of claim 42 , wherein the transferring does not involve the plasma.
48 . The method of claim 47 , further comprising placing the source of carbon at a position adjacent to the first surface.