Method for making nitrile compounds from ethylenically unsaturated compounds
The present invention concerns a process for hydrocyanating ethylenically unsaturated organic compounds to compounds containing at least one nitrile function. It relates more particularly to the hydrocyanation of diolefins such as butadiene or of substituted olefins such as alkenenitriles, for instance pentenenitriles. According to the process of the invention the reaction is implemented in the presence of a metal complex catalyst comprising a transition metal such as nickel and an organic ligand.
1. A process for hydrocyanating a hydrocarbon compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation by reacting said hydrocarbon in a liquid medium with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metallic element and an organic ligand,
wherein the metallic element is selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, osmium, iridium, platinum, copper, silver, gold, zinc, cadmium and mercury, and
the organic ligand corresponds to formula I below:
in which:
T and T 1 represent a phosphorus atom,
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , which are identical or different, represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having one or more rings, which are in fused form or not, optionally having one or more heteroatoms,
U 1 , U 2 , U 3 and U 4 represent an oxygen atom,
R 5 and R 6 , which are identical or different, represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
n is 0, and
L 1 is S.
2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the structure:
in the organic ligand of formula I is selected from the group consisting of the following structures:
3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction is carried out in a single-phase medium.
4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst corresponds to the general formula (II):
M[L f ] t (II)
in which
M is a transition metal,
L f represents the organic ligand of formula (I) and
t represents a number between 1 and 4 (inclusive).
5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid medium further comprises a solvent for the catalyst which is miscible with a phase comprising the compound to be hydrocyanated at the hydrocyanation temperature.
6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the transition metal compounds are nickel compounds in which nickel is in oxidation state zero, nickel carboxylates, carbonate, bicarbonate, borate, bromide, chloride, citrate, thiocyanate, cyanide, formate, hydroxide, hydrophosphite, phosphite, phosphate and derivatives, iodide, nitrate, sulphate, sulphite, arylsulphonates or alkylsulphonates.
7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation is a diolefin, ethylenically unsaturated aliphatic nitrile, linear pentenenitrile, or monoolefin.
8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the transition metal is used in a amount of between 10 −4 and 1 mol of transition metal per mole of hydrocarbon compound and wherein the organic ligand of formula (I) is used in a number of moles of from 0.5 to 50 relative to 1 mol of transition metal.
9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocyanation reaction is carried out at a temperature from 10° C. to 200° C.
10. The process according to claim 1 for hydrocyanating ethylenically unsaturated nitrile compounds to dinitriles, being operated in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one transition metal compound, at least one organic compound of formula (I) and a cocatalyst composed of at least one Lewis acid.
11. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the ethylenically unsaturated nitrile compounds are pent-3-enenitrile, pent-4-enenitrile or mixtures thereof.
12. The process according to claim 11 , wherein the pentenenitriles contain amounts of other compounds selected from the group consisting of 2-methylbut-3-enenitrile, 2-methylbut-2-enenitrile, pent-2-enenitrile, valeronitrile, adiponitrile, 2-methyl-glutaronitrile, 2-ethylsuccinonitrile and butadiene.
13. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the Lewis acid is selected from compounds of the elements of groups Ib, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIb, VIIb and VIII of the Periodic Table of the Elements.
14. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the Lewis acid is selected from salts selected from the group of halides, sulphates, sulphonates, haloalkylsulphonates, perhaloalkylsulphonates, haloalkylacetates, perhaloalkylacetates, carboxylates and phosphates.
15. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the Lewis acid is zinc chloride, zinc bromide, zinc iodide, manganese chloride, manganese bromide, cadmium chloride, cadmium bromide, stannous chloride, stannous bromide, stannous sulphate, stannous tartrate, indium trifluoromethylsulphonate, indium trifluoroacetate, zinc trifluoroacetate, lanthanum chloride, cerium chloride, praseodymium chloride, neodymium chloride, samarium chloride, europium chloride, gadolinium chloride, terbium chloride, dysprosium chloride, hafnium chloride, erbium chloride, thallium chloride, ytterbium chloride, lutetium chloride, lanthanum bromide, cerium bromide, praseodymium bromide, neodymium bromide, samarium bromide, europium bromide, gadolinium bromide, terbium bromide, dysprosium bromide, hafnium bromide, erbium bromide, thallium bromide, ytterbium bromide, lutetium bromide, cobalt chloride, ferrous chloride, or yttrium chloride.
16. The process according to claim 10 , wherein the Lewis acid employed represents from 0.01 to 50 mol per mole of transition metal compound.
17. The process according to claim 10 , wherein 2-methylbut-3-enenitrile, present in the reaction mixture originating from butadiene hydrocyanation, is isomerized to pentenenitriles in the absence of hydrogen cyanide, in the presence of a catalyst comprising at least one organic ligand of general formula (I) and at least one transition metal compound.
18. The process according to claim 17 , wherein the 2-methylbut-3-enenitrile subjected to isomerization is employed alone or in a mixture with 2-methylbut-2-enenitrile, pent-4-enenitrile, pent-3-enenitrile, pent-2-enenitrile, butadiene, adiponitrile, 2-methylglutaronitrile, 2-ethylsuccinonitrile or valeronitrile.
19. The process according to claim 17 , wherein the isomerization reaction is carried out at a temperature from 10° C. to 200° C.
20. The process according to claim 17 , wherein the isomerization of 2-methylbut-3-enenitrile to pentenenitriles is carried out in the presence of at least one transition metal compound, at least one organic phosphorous ligand of the formula (I) and a cocatalyst composed of at least one Lewis acid.
21. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic element is selected from the group consisting of nickel in oxidation state (0), cobalt in oxidation state (I), ruthenium in oxidation state (II), rhodium in oxidation state (I), palladium in oxidation state (0), osmium in oxidation state (II), iridium in oxidation state (I), AND platinum in oxidation state (0).
22. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic element is selected from the group consisting of nickel, cobalt, iron, palladium and copper.
23. A process for hydrocyanating a hydrocarbon compound containing at least one ethylenic unsaturation by reacting said hydrocarbon in a liguid medium with hydrogen cyanide in the presence of a catalyst comprising a metallic element and an organic ligand, wherein the metallic element is nickel, and
the organic ligand corresponds to formula I below:
in which:
T and T 1 represent a phosphorus atom,
R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , which are identical or different, represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl radical having one or more rings, which are in fused form or not, optionally having one or more heteroatoms,
U 1 , U 2 , U 3 and U 4 represent an oxygen atom,
R 5 and R 6 , which are identical or different, represent a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group,
n is 0, and
L 1 is S.
24. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand of formula I is selected from the group consisting of:
25. Compounds corresponding to the formulae below: