Pilot symbols in communication systems

1. A method of placing pilot symbols in a data stream for telecommunications systems, the data stream including a data packet, comprising:

placing the pilot symbols with irregular spacing within a first level group;

repeating the irregular spacing in a plurality of such first level groups;

placing the first level groups with irregular spacing within a second level group; and

wherein the pilot symbols are distributed within the data stream in time in a manner fractal in nature using a range of different intervals between the pilot symbols.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the distributing further includes:

repeating the irregular spacing between the first level groups in a plurality of second level groups across the data packet; and

placing the second level groups with irregular spacing within a third level group.

3. The method of claim 2 , wherein each first level group has length A, each second level group has length B, and the third level group has length C, the pilot symbol distribution selected such that the ratio A:B is approximately equal to the ratio B:C.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pilot symbols extend across the entirety of the data packet.

5. A signal processing device for use in a communications system, the signal processing device comprising:

a data source configured to generate a data stream for telecommunications systems; and

a pilot symbol placer configured to place pilot symbols in the data stream in accordance with the method of claim 1 .

6. A method for receiving and acquiring a transmitted signal in a communications system, the signal representing a data stream including data symbols and pilot symbols, the method comprising:

receiving the transmitted signal and converting to a digital signal; and

acquiring by iteration the frequency of the signal by:

calculating a first estimate of phase and signal amplitude based on an assumed zero phase difference between certain closely spaced pilot symbols within the data stream;

calculating a fine frequency estimate with aliasing ambiguity based on more widely spaced pilot symbols within the data stream;

using said fine frequency estimate to calculate a phase difference between said closely spaced pilot symbols, and calculating a coarse frequency estimate based on this phase difference, with no aliasing ambiguity;

using the calculated coarse frequency estimate to enhance the fine frequency estimate by refining said calculated phase and signal amplitude, and thus re-calculating said fine frequency estimate;

using said coarse frequency estimate and the enhanced fine frequency estimate to resolve the aliasing ambiguity in the fine frequency estimate; and

applying the enhanced fine frequency estimate to the data stream in the acquisition of the data symbols.

7. A method for receiving and acquiring a transmitted signal in a communications system, the signal representing a data stream including data symbols and pilot symbols, the method comprising:

receiving the transmitted signal and converting to a digital signal; and

acquiring the frequency of the signal by:

a) a medium frequency estimation;

b) a coarse frequency estimation based on the result of (a);

c) a medium frequency re-estimation based on the result of (b);

d) an adjustment to the medium frequency estimation to resolve aliasing ambiguities in the medium frequency estimation;

e) a fine frequency estimation, including a calculation of a likelihood for the selected frequency; and

f) an adjustment to the fine frequency estimation to resolve aliasing ambiguities in the fine frequency estimation.

8. The method of claim 7 , further comprising:

g) phase and signal estimation and correction based on the result of (f).

9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

h) removing the pilot symbol from the data stream to provide a data symbol output.

10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:

estimating variance.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the reliability of the acquiring is improved by using additional encoded pilot symbols embedded within the data stream, the additional pilot symbols encoded with forward error correcting codes, the method further comprising:

acquiring a list of the most probable time and frequency offset pairs ranked in order of probability;

starting with the highest probability, and proceeding in order of decreasing probability for each said time and frequency offset pair in the list:

decoding the packet on the basis of the time and frequency offset;

accepting the time and frequency offset if a predetermined number of said additional encoded pilot symbols match their prescribed values; and

continuing to the next time and frequency offset pair in the list if the predetermined number of said additional encoded symbols do not match their prescribed values.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the pilot symbols are spaced in time using a range of different intervals between symbols.

13. The method of claim 12 , enhanced for greater data transmission efficiency, wherein one or more of the pilot symbols in the selected data stream are replaced with data symbols, and the acquiring the frequency of the signal is based on the assumption that these selected symbols are pilot symbols with zero value.

14. A receiver for receiving and acquiring transmitted signals in a communications system, the signals representing a data stream including data symbols and pilot symbols, the receiver comprising:

a functional block for receiving the transmitted signal and converting to a digital signal; and

a functional block for iteratively acquiring the frequency of the signal, including:

a functional block for calculating a first estimate of phase and signal amplitude based on an assumed zero phase difference between certain closely spaced pilot symbols within the data stream;

a functional block for calculating a fine frequency estimate with aliasing ambiguity, based on more widely spaced pilot symbols within the data streams;

a functional block for using said fine frequency estimate to calculate a phase difference between said closely spaced pilot symbols, and calculating a coarse frequency estimate based on this phase difference, with no aliasing ambiguity;

a functional block for using the calculated coarse frequency estimate to enhance the fine frequency estimate by refining said calculated phase and signal amplitude, and thus re-calculating said fine frequency estimate;

a functional block for using said coarse frequency estimate and the enhanced fine frequency estimate to resolve aliasing ambiguity in the fine frequency estimate; and

a functional block for applying the enhanced fine frequency estimate to the data stream in the acquisition of the data symbols.

15. A receiver for receiving and acquiring transmitted signals in a communications system, the signals representing a data stream including data symbols and pilot symbols, the receiver comprising:

a functional block for receiving the transmitted signal and converting to a digital signal; and

a functional block for acquiring the frequency of the signal, including:

a) a functional block for carrying out a medium frequency estimation-step;

b) a functional block for carrying out a coarse frequency estimation step based on the result of (a);

c) a functional block for carrying out a medium frequency re-estimation step based on the result of (b);

d) a functional block for carrying out an adjustment to the medium frequency estimation to resolve aliasing ambiguities in the medium frequency estimation;

e) a functional block for carrying out a fine frequency estimation, including a calculation of a likelihood for the selected frequency;

f) a functional block for carrying out an adjustment to the fine frequency estimation to resolve aliasing ambiguities in the fine frequency estimation.