Methods and devices for improving cardiac output
Methods and devices are provided for improving cardiac output. The methods involve establishing a fluid communication pathway between the left ventricle and another natural or prosthetic structure. In one method, a conduit is implanted between the left ventricle and the descending aorta where ventricular blood flows from the left ventricle directly into the descending aorta and bypassing the aortic valve. The devices include such conduits and valves for forming the fluid communication pathways.
1. A method comprising:
providing a conduit having an upstream end and a downstream end; delivering the conduit to a location external to the heart between the left ventricle and the descending aorta;
selecting a downstream conduit attachment site within the wall of the descending aorta;
occluding blood flow through the descending aorta at the downstream conduit attachment site; forming an opening in the descending aorta at the downstream conduit attachment site;
selecting an upstream conduit attachment site within the wall of the left ventricle; attaching the upstream end of the conduit to the upstream conduit attachment site; accessing the upstream attachment site through the conduit;
and forming an upstream opening in the left ventricular wall at the upstream conduit attachment site.
2. The method of claim 1 further comprising preventing the escape of blood from the open upstream attachment site while forming the upstream opening therein.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the preventing the escape of blood comprises sealing the upstream opening from inside the left ventricle.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the sealing comprises inflating a balloon.
5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the sealing comprises expanding a mesh.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the preventing comprises occluding the conduit adjacent the upstream opening.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the accessing the upstream attachment site through the conduit comprises accessing the conduit through the downstream end of the conduit.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the accessing the upstream attachment site through the conduit comprises accessing the conduit through a port within a side wall of the conduit.
9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising inserting a valve into the conduit.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising implanting a valve within the descending aorta.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the occluding blood flow through the descending aorta comprises inflating at least one balloon within the descending aorta.