Methods of using nitroxides in conjuction with photosensitzers and sonosensitizers
The teachings herein relate to new methods of ameliorating the negative effects of a photosensitizer or sonosensitizer in a patient using a nitroxide.
1 . A method of treating a patient, comprising administering a sufficient amount of a nitroxide to prevent or treat a negative side effect resulting from a compound selected from the group consisting of photosensitizers and sonosensitizers.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the photosensitizer is used in photodynamic therapy.
3 . The method of claim 1 wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of porphyrins, chlorins, and phthalocyanines.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the photosensitizer is PHOTOFRIN®.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the nitroxide is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the negative side effect is oxidative stress.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the negative effect is photosensitivity.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the negative effect is generalized toxicity.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the negative effect is cellular apoptosis.
10 . A method of treating a patient suffering from cancer, comprising
systematically administering a therapeutically effective amount of photosensitizer to said patient;
applying light to a target region on the patient; wherein the light has a wavelength that sufficiently penetrates the patient and activates the administered photosensitize; and
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a nitroxide to the patient, such that a negative effect of the photosensitizer is ameliorated.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is lung cancer.
12 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is breast cancer.
13 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the cancer is skin cancer.
14 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of porphyrins, chlorins, and phthalocyanines.
15 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the photosensitizer is PHOTOFRIN®.
16 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the nitroxide is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl.
17 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the negative side effect is oxidative stress.
18 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the negative effect is photosensitivity.
19 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the negative effect is generalized toxicity.
20 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the negative effect is cellular apoptosis.
21 . A method of diagnosing a patient suspected of having cancer, comprising:
systematically administering a sufficient amount of a photosensitizer to the patient; wherein the photosensitizer has a high specificity for cancerous cells and is capable of emitting a detectable wavelength of light when activated by a particular wavelength;
activating the administered photosensitizer with the particular wavelength of light;
detecting the photosensitizer's emitted wavelength;
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a nitroxide to the patient, such that a negative effect of the photosensitizer is ameliorated.
22 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the cancer is lung cancer.
23 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the cancer is breast cancer.
24 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the cancer is skin cancer.
25 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the nitroxide is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl.
26 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the negative side effect is oxidative stress.
27 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the negative effect is photosensitivity.
28 . The method of claim 21 , wherein the negative effect is generalized toxicity.
The method of claim 21 , wherein the negative effect is cellular apoptosis.
29 . A method of treating a patient suffering from cancer, comprising
systematically administering a therapeutically effective amount of sonosensitizer to said patient;
applying ultrasound or sonoluminescence to a target region on the patient; wherein the ultrasound or sonoluminescence has a wavelength that sufficiently penetrates the patient and activates the administered sonosensitizer;
administering a therapeutically effective amount of a nitroxide to the patient, such that a negative effect of the sonosensitizer is ameliorated.
30 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the cancer is lung cancer.
31 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the cancer is breast cancer.
32 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the cancer is skin cancer.
33 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the negative side effect is oxidative stress.
34 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the negative effect is photosensitivity.
35 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the negative effect is generalized toxicity.
36 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the negative effect is cellular apoptosis.
37 . The method of claim 29 , wherein the nitroxide is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl.
38 . Use of a nitroxide in the preparation of a medicament to prevent or treat a negative side effect resulting from a photosensitizer or sonosensitizer through administration to a mammalian patient.
39 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the photosensitizer is used in photodynamic therapy.
40 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of porphyrins, chlorins, and phthalocyanines.
41 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the photosensitizer is PHOTOFRIN®.
42 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the nitroxide is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl.
43 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the negative side effect is oxidative stress.
44 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the negative effect is photosensitivity.
45 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the negative effect is generalized toxicity.
46 . The use of claim 38 , wherein the negative effect is cellular apoptosis.
47 . A medicament for preventing or treating a negative side effect resulting from a photosensitizer or sonosensitizer, wherein said medicament comprises a nitroxide.
48 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the photosensitizer is used in photodynamic therapy.
49 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the photosensitizer is selected from the group consisting of porphyrins, chlorins, and phthalocyanines.
50 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the photosensitizer is PHOTOFRIN®.
51 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the nitroxide is 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl.
52 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the negative side effect is oxidative stress.
53 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the negative effect is photosensitivity.
54 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the negative effect is generalized toxicity.
55 . The medicament of claim 47 , wherein the negative effect is cellular apoptosis.