Niobium-doped vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst
Disclosed is a process for the preparation of a modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. The catalyst comprises vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobiurn in the range of 250:1 to 60:1. The catalyst exhibits improved activity, improved yield of maleic anhydride, and optimal performance from the very beginning of its catalytic lifetime.
1. A process for the preparation of a modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, said process comprising the steps of (i) providing a reaction mixture comprising a vanadium source, a niobium source, a phosphorus source, an organic medium capable of acting as a solvent and a reducing agent, and an additive selected from the group consisting of benzyl alcohol and polyols, (ii) heating said reaction mixture to form a modified vanadyl acid orthophosphate catalyst precursor, (iii) isolating and drying said vanadyl acid orthophosphate catalyst precursor, (iv) precalcining said dried vanadyl acid orthophosphate catalyst precursor at a temperature of 200 to 330° C., (v) optionally shaping said vanadyl acid orthophosphate catalyst precursor into a shape suitable for the bed and reactor type wherein the finished catalyst is to be used, and (vi) calcining and activating said vanadyl acid orthophosphate catalyst precursor by (a) heating under superatmospheric pressure and in a steam-containing atmosphere to a temperature of 380 to 600° C., (b) maintaining the temperature reached in step (a) under superatmospheric pressure and (c) cooling the activated catalyst.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vanadium source is vanadium pentoxide.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the phosphorus source is phosphoric acid.
4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the organic medium comprises isobutyl alcohol and a polyol in the weight ratio of 99:1 to 5:95, preferably 5 to 30 mol % of polyol with respect to isobutyl alcohol.
5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the polyol is a C 2-4 alkanediol, preferably 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol or 1,4-butanediol.
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the P/V atomic ratio is 1:1 to 1.8:1, preferably 1.1:1 to 1.6:1.
7. The process of claim 6 , wherein, in step (ii), the mixture is kept under agitation at a temperature of 90 to 200° C., preferably 100 to 150° C. over a period of 1 h to 24 h.
8. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 7 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
9. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 6 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
10. The process of claim 5 , wherein, in step (ii), the mixture is kept under agitation at a temperature of 90 to 200° C., preferably 100 to 150° C. over a period of 1 h to 24 h.
11. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 5 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
12. The process of claim 4 , wherein the P/V atomic ratio is 1:1 to 1.8:1, preferably 1.1:1 to 1.6:1.
13. The process of claim 4 , wherein, in step (ii), the mixture is kept under agitation at a temperature of 90 to 200° C., preferably 100 to 150° C. over a period of 1 h to 24 h.
14. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 4 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
15. The process of claim 3 , wherein the polyol is a C 2-4 alkanediol, preferably 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol or 1,4-butanediol.
16. The process of claim 3 , wherein the P/V atomic ratio is 1:1 to 1.8:1, preferably 1.1:1 to 1.6:1.
17. The process of claim 3 , wherein, in step (ii), the mixture is kept under agitation at a temperature of 90 to 200° C., preferably 100 to 150° C. over a period of 1 h to 24 h.
18. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 3 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
19. The process of claim 2 , wherein the organic medium comprises isobutyl alcohol and a polyol in the weight ratio of 99:1 to 5:95, preferably 5 to 30 mol % of polyol with respect to isobutyl alcohol.
20. The process of claim 2 , wherein the polyol is a C 2-4 alkanediol, preferably 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol or 1,4-butanediol.
21. The process of claim 2 , wherein the P/V atomic ratio is 1:1 to 1.8:1, preferably 1.1:1 to 1.6:1.
22. The process of claim 2 , wherein, in step (ii), the mixture is kept under agitation at a temperature of 90 to 200° C., preferably 100 to 150° C. over a period of 1 h to 24 h.
23. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 2 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
24. The process of claim 1 , wherein the phosphorus source is phosphoric acid.
25. The process of claim 1 , wherein the organic medium comprises isobutyl alcohol and a polyol in the weight ratio of 99:1 to 5:95, preferably 5 to 30 mol % of polyol with respect to isobutyl alcohol.
26. The process of claim 1 , wherein the polyol is a C 2-4 alkanediol, preferably 1,2-ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,3-propanediol or 1,4-butanediol.
27. The process of claim 1 , wherein the P/V atomic ratio is 1:1 to 1.8:1, preferably 1.1:1 to 1.6:1.
28. The process of claim 1 , wherein, in step (ii), the mixture is kept under agitation at a temperature of 90 to 200° C., preferably 100 to 150° C. over a period of 1 h to 24h.
29. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 1 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
30. A process for the production of maleic anhydride by partially oxidizing n-butane in an oxygen containing gas mixture in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, wherein the catalyst is a niobium containing vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst according to claim 29 .
31. The process of claim 1 , wherein the vanadium source is a pentavalent vanadium compound.
32. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 31 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
33. A process for the production of maleic anhydride by partially oxidizing n-butane in an oxygen containing gas mixture in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, wherein the catalyst is a niobium containing vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst according to claim 32 .
34. The process of claim 1 , wherein the organic medium comprises:
(a) isobutyl alcohol or a mixture of isobutyl alcohol and benzyl alcohol; and
(b) a polyol
in the weight ratio (a) to (b) of 99:1 to 5:95.
35. A modified vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst for the partial oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride, comprising vanadyl pyrophosphate as main component and niobium as a promoter element in an amount corresponding to an atomic ratio of vanadium to niobium in the range of 250:1 to 60:1, obtainable by the process of claim 34 , wherein the niobium improves selectivity to maleic anhydride.
36. A process for the production of maleic anhydride by partially oxidizing n-butane in an oxygen containing gas mixture in the presence of a heterogeneous catalyst, wherein the catalyst is a niobium containing vanadium/phosphorus mixed oxide catalyst according to claim 35 .