High activity water gas shift catalysts based on platinum group metals and cerium-containing oxides
A method of reducing the amount of carbon monoxide in process fuel gas in a feed stream for a fuel cell. The method includes introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream into a primary reactor and reacting the hydrocarbon feed stream in effective contact with a reforming catalyst forming primary reactor products containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane; placing a high activity water gas shift catalyst system into a water gas shift converter, introducing the primary reactor products into the water gas shift converter in effective contact with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system, and reacting the carbon monoxide and water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a water gas shift reaction forming the feed stream for the fuel cell; and introducing the feed stream into the fuel cell. The high water gas shift catalyst system includes a noble metal, a support comprising a mixed metal oxide of cerium oxide and at least one of zirconium oxide or lanthanum oxide. A promoter of yttrium, an alkali metal, or alkaline earth metal can be included. A support dopant can also be included.
1. A method of reducing an amount of carbon monoxide in a feed stream for a fuel cell, comprising:
introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream into a primary reactor and reacting the hydrocarbon feed stream in effective contact with a reforming catalyst forming primary reactor products containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane;
placing a high activity water gas shift catalyst system into a water gas shift converter, the high activity water gas shift catalyst system comprising a noble metal; a mixed metal oxide support consisting essentially of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide, wherein cerium oxide is present in an amount from about 58% to about 80% by weight of mixed metal oxide and zirconium oxide is present in amount from about 42% to about 20% by weight of mixed metal oxide, and optionally a support dopant; and about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of total catalyst of a promoter comprising alkali metals, or alkaline earth metals, or combinations thereof; and
introducing the primary reactor products into the water gas shift converter in effective contact with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system, and reacting the carbon monoxide and water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a water gas shift reaction forming the feed stream for the fuel cell; and
introducing the feed stream into the fuel cell;
wherein the high activity water gas shift catalyst system converts at least 50% of the carbon monoxide in the primary reactor products into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by the water gas shift reaction over a temperature range from about 300° C. to about 450° C.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the noble metal is selected from platinum, palladium, mixtures of platinum and palladium, or mixtures of platinum and iridium.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the noble metal is present in an amount of between about 1% to about 4% by weight of total catalyst.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the promoter is selected from cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, or combinations thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the support dopant is selected from lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, or combinations thereof.
6. The method of claim 1 wherein the support dopant is in the form of a metal oxide.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the support dopant is present in an amount of between about 1 and about 5% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at a temperature in the range of about 200° C. to about 400° C.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at a temperature in the range of about 250° C. to about 375° C.
10. A method of reducing an amount of carbon monoxide in a feed stream for a fuel cell, comprising:
introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream into a primary reactor and reacting the hydrocarbon feed stream in effective contact with a reforming catalyst forming primary reactor products containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane;
placing a high activity water gas shift catalyst system into a water gas shift converter, the high activity water gas shift catalyst system comprising a noble metal; a mixed metal oxide support of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide, wherein cerium oxide is present in an amount from about 20% to less than 58% by weight of mixed metal oxide and zirconium oxide is present in amount from more than 42% to about 80% by weight of mixed metal oxide; and about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of total catalyst of a promoter comprising at least one metal selected from alkali metals, or alkaline earth metals; and
introducing the primary reactor products into the water gas shift converter in effective contact with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system, and reacting the carbon monoxide and water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a water gas shift reaction forming the feed stream for the fuel cell; and
introducing the feed stream into the fuel cell;
wherein the high activity water gas shift catalyst system converts at least 50% of the carbon monoxide in the primary reactor products into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by the water gas shift reaction over a temperature range from about 300° C. to about 450° C.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the noble metal is selected from platinum, palladium, mixtures of platinum and palladium, or mixtures of platinum and iridium.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein the noble metal is present in an amount of between about 1% to about 4% by weight of total catalyst.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein the promoter is selected from cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, or combinations thereof.
14. The method of claim 10 wherein the mixed metal oxide support further comprises a support dopant.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the support dopant is selected from lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, or combinations thereof.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the support dopant is in the form of a metal oxide.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the support dopant is present in an amount of between about 1 and about 5% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
18. The method of claim 10 wherein passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at a temperature in the range of about 200° C. to about 400° C.
19. The method of claim 10 wherein passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at a temperature in the range of about 250° C. to about 375° C.
20. A method of reducing an amount of carbon monoxide in a feed stream for a fuel cell, comprising:
introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream into a primary reactor and reacting the hydrocarbon feed stream in effective contact with a reforming catalyst forming primary reactor products containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane;
placing a high activity water gas shift catalyst system into a water gas shift converter, the high activity water gas shift catalyst system comprising a noble metal; a mixed metal oxide support consisting essentially of cerium oxide and lanthanum oxide, and optionally a support dopant; and about 0.1% to about 1.0% by weight of total catalyst of a promoter comprising at least one metal selected from alkali metals, or alkaline earth metals; and
introducing the primary reactor products into the water gas shift converter in effective contact with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system, and reacting the carbon monoxide and water to form carbon dioxide and hydrogen using a water gas shift reaction forming the feed stream for the fuel cell; and
introducing the feed stream into the fuel cell;
wherein the high activity water gas shift catalyst system converts at least 40% of the carbon monoxide primary reactor products into carbon dioxide and hydrogen by the water gas shift reaction over a temperature range from about 400° C. to about 575° C.
21. The method of claim 20 wherein the noble metal is selected from platinum, palladium, mixtures of platinum and palladium, or mixtures of platinum and iridium.
22. The method of claim 20 wherein the noble metal is present in an amount of between about 1% to about 4% by weight of total catalyst.
23. The method of claim 20 wherein cerium oxide is present in an amount from about 92% to about 20% by weight of mixed metal oxide and lanthanum oxide is present in amount from about 8% to about 80% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
24. The method of claim 20 wherein the promoter is selected from cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, or combinations thereof.
25. The method of claim 20 wherein the support dopant is selected from praseodymium, neodymium, or combinations thereof.
26. The method of claim 20 wherein the support dopant is in the form of a metal oxide.
27. The method of claim 25 wherein the support dopant is present in an amount of between about 1 and about 5% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
28. The method of claim 20 wherein passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at a temperature in the range of about 200° C. to about 425° C.
29. The method of claim 20 wherein passing the process fuel gas through the water gas shift converter is performed at a temperature in the range of about 275° C. to about 400° C.
30. A high activity water gas shift catalyst system for a fuel cell, in which there is a primary reactor with a reforming catalyst followed by a water gas shift converter with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system to provide a feed stream for the fuel cell, the high activity water gas shift catalyst system comprising:
a noble metal;
a mixed metal oxide support consisting essentially of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide, wherein the cerium oxide is present in an amount from about 58% to about 80% by weight of mixed metal oxide and the zirconium oxide is present in amount from about 42% to about 20% by weight of mixed metal oxide, and optionally a support dopant; and
about 0.1% to about 0.2% by weight of total catalyst of a promoter comprising alkali metals, or alkaline earth metals, or combinations thereof
the high activity water gas shift catalyst system having a conversion rate of at least 50% for reacting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a water gas shift reaction over a temperature range of from about 300° C. to about 450° C.
31. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 30 wherein the noble metal is selected from platinum, palladium, mixtures of platinum and palladium, or mixtures of platinum and iridium.
32. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 30 wherein the noble metal is present in an amount of between about 1% to about 4% by weight of total catalyst.
33. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 30 wherein the support dopant is selected from lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, or combinations thereof.
34. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 30 wherein the support dopant is present in an amount of between about 1 and about 5% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
35. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 30 wherein the promoter is selected from cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, or combinations thereof.
36. A high activity water gas shift catalyst system for a fuel cell, in which there is a primary reactor with a reforming catalyst followed by a water gas shift converter with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system to provide a feed stream for the fuel cell, the high activity water gas shift catalyst system comprising:
a noble metal; and
a mixed metal oxide support consisting essentially of cerium oxide and zirconium oxide, wherein cerium oxide is present in an amount from about 20% to less than 58% by weight of mixed metal oxide and zirconium oxide is present in amount from more than 42% to about 80% by weight of mixed metal oxide, and optionally a support dopant;
about 0.1% to about 0.2% by weight of total catalyst of a promoter comprising at least one metal selected from alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals,
the high activity water gas shift catalyst system having a conversion rate of at least 50% for reacting carbon monoxide and water into carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a water gas shift reaction over a temperature range of from about 300° C. to about 450° C.
37. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 36 wherein the noble metal is selected from platinum, palladium, mixtures of platinum and palladium, or mixtures of platinum and iridium.
38. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 36 wherein the noble metal is present in an amount of between about 1% to about 4% by weight of total catalyst.
39. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 36 wherein the support dopant is selected from lanthanum, praseodymium, neodymium, or combinations thereof.
40. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 36 wherein the support dopant is present in an amount of between about 1 and about 5% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
41. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 36 wherein the promoter is selected from cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, or combinations thereof.
42. A high activity water gas shift catalyst system for a fuel cell, in which there is a primary reactor with a reforming catalyst followed by a water gas shift converter with the high activity water gas shift catalyst system to provide a feed stream for a fuel cell, the high activity water gas shift catalyst system comprising:
a noble metal;
a mixed metal oxide support consisting essentially of cerium oxide and lanthanum oxide, wherein cerium oxide is present in an amount from about 20% to less than 92% by weight of mixed metal oxide and lanthanum oxide is present in amount from about 80% to more than 8% by weight of mixed metal oxide, and optionally a support dopant; and
about 0.1% to about 0.5% by weight of total catalyst of a promoter comprising at least one metal selected from alkali metals, and alkaline earth metals,
the high activity water gas shift catalyst system having a conversion rate of at least 40% for carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrogen in a water gas shift reaction over a temperature range from about 400° C. to about 575° C.
43. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 42 wherein the noble metal is selected from platinum, palladium, mixtures of platinum and palladium, or mixtures of platinum and iridium.
44. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 42 wherein the noble metal is present in an amount of between about 1% to about 4% by weight of total catalyst.
45. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 42 wherein the support dopant is selected from praseodymium, neodymium, or combinations thereof.
46. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 42 wherein the support dopant is present in an amount of between about 1 and about 5% by weight of mixed metal oxide.
47. The high activity water gas shift catalyst system of claim 42 wherein the promoter is selected from cesium, lithium, rubidium, potassium, magnesium, strontium, barium, calcium, or combinations thereof.
48. The method of claim 1 wherein the promoter is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.2%.
49. The method of claim 10 wherein the promoter is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.2%.
50. The method of claim 20 wherein the promoter is present in an amount of about 0.1% to about 0.5%.