N-hydroxyamide derivatives possessing antibacterial activity

1. The compound of formula I:

wherein

Ar is phenyl or 2,5-dihydro-benzo[b]oxepine;

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkenoxyalkyl, alkynyl, alkynyloxy, nitro, halo, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, haloalkylthio, haloalkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsilylalkynyl, alkynyloxy, anaminocarbonylalkyl, carboxylate, carboxyl, carboxamide;

R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

Z is —CH 2 — or C(O):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, tautomers thereof, or prodrugs thereof; and

provided that the compounds of Formula I have a minimum inhibition concentration of 128 μ/ml or less against at least one of the organisms selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter baumannil, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides theataioatamicron, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bordetella pertussis, Brucella melitensis, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei Fusobacterium, Prevotella corporis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella endodontalis, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Edwarsiella tarda, Eikenella corrodens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Helicobacter pylori, Kingella kingae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella rhinoscieromatis, Klebsiella ozaenae, Legionella penumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Morganella morganii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus myxofaciens, Providencia stuartii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia alcalifaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ricketsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia chafeensis , and Bartonella hensenae.

2. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein said compound has the formula IV:

wherein

X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , and X 4 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkenoxyalkyl, alkynyl, alkynyloxy, nitro, halo, hydroxy, cycloalkyl, haloalkylthio, haloalkylsulfinyl, haloalkylsulfonyl, alkylsilylalkynyl, alkynyloxy. anaminocarbonylalkyl, carboxylate, carboxyl, carboxamide;

R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

Z is —CH 2 — or C(O):

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, tautomers thereof, or prodrugs thereof; and

provided that the compounds of Formula IV have a minimum inhibition concentration of 128 μ/ml or less against at least one of the organisms selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides theataioatamicron, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bordetella pertussis, Brucella melitensis, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei Fusobacterium, Prevotella corporis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella endodontalis, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Edwarsiella tarda, Eikenella corrodens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans, Escherichia coli, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Helicobacter pylon, Kingella kingae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella rhinoscieromatis, Klebsiella ozaenae, Legionella penumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Morganella morganii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitidis, Pasteurella multocida, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus myxofaciens, Providencia stuartii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia alcalifaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ricketsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia chafeensis , and Bartonella hensenae.

3. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein (X 1 —)(X 2 —)(X 3 —)(X 4 —)—Ar— is selected from the group consisting of:

3,4-dimethoxy-5-propylphenyl;

9-methoxy-2,5-dihydro-benzo[b]oxepine;

3-allyl-4-allyloxy-5-methoxyphenyl;

3,4,5-triethoxyphenyl;

3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl;

3,5-dimethyl-4-nitrophenyl;

3,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl;

3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl;

3,5-dibromo-4-methylphenyl;

3-methoxy-4-methylphenyl;

3,5-dimethylphenyl;

4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propylphenyl;

3-(3-allyloxypropyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-(3-benzyloxypropyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-(3-propoxypropyl)phenyl;

3-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-hexyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-pentylphenyl;

3-allyl-4-hydroxy-5-methoxyphenyl;

4-methoxy-34trifluoromethoxyphenyl;

3-propylphenyl;

3-allylphenyl;

4-allyloxy-3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl;

3-trifluoromethylphenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-(3-methoxypropyl)phenyl;

3-(3-ethoxypropyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-allyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-butyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)phenyl;

3-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3,5-dibromo-4-methoxyphenyl;

3-iodo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-(3-fluoropropyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-trifluoromethylsulfinylphenyl;

3-(1-fluoropropyl)-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3-ethynyl-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

4-methylthio-3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl;

4-methoxy-3-propylphenyl;

3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio)phenyl;

3-pentafluoroethylthiophenyl;

3,5-diallyl-4-methoxyphenyl;

3-trifluoromethoxy-4-methoxy-5-propylphenyl;

3-bromo-4,5-dimethoxyphenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-prop-1-ynylphenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)phenyl;

4-methoxy-3,5-dipropylphenyl;

3-methoxy-5-propylphenyl;

4-methoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-(1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-trifluoromethyl)ethylethiophenyl;

3,5-bis-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-methoxy-5-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-methoxy-3-propyl-5-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-alloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-n-propoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-n-but-3-enyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-n-butoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-(3-methylbut-2-enyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-(3-fluorophenethyl)-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-n-pentyl-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-trifluoromethylthio-4-(trimethylsilanylethynyl)phenyl;

4-ethynyl-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-allyl-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-n-propyl-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-trifluoromethylthio-4-vinylphenyl;

4-ethyl-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-propargyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-trifluoromethoxy-4-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

4-ethoxy-3-trifluoromethylthio-phenyl;

4-(2,2,2-trifluoroeth-1-yloxy)-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3,4-dimethoxy-5-phenylphenyl;

3-trifluoromethoxy-4-vinylphenyl;

4-benzyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiophenyl;

3-(3-fluorophenylethynyl)4,5-dimethoxyphenyl; and

4-ethyl-3-trifluoromethoxyphenyl.

4. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, hydroxyl, aryl, substituted aryl, and alkynyl.

5. A compound selected from the group consisting of:

1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-propylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(9-methoxy-2,5dihydro-benzo[b]oxepine-7-carbonyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-allyl-4-allyloxy-5-methoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4,5-trimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-propylbenzyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-dimethyl-4-nitrobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-dibromo-4-methylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-methoxy-4-methylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-dimethylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-5-propylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(3-allyloxy-propyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(3-benzyloxy-propyl)4,5-dirnethoxybenzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3,4-dimethoxy-5-(3-propoxypropyl)benzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-cyclopropylmethyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-hexyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-pentylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-methoxy-3-trifluoromethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-propylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-allylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-allyloxy-3-trifluoromethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3,4-dimethoxy-5-(3-methoxypropyl)benzoy]azetidine2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3(3-ethoxypropyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl]azetidine2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-allyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-butyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[34-dimethoxy-5-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)benzoy]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-dimethylcarbamoylmethyl-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-dibromo-4-methoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-iodo-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(3-fluoropropyl)4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl]azetidine2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethanesulfinylbenzoyl )azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(1-fluoropropyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-ethynyl-4,5dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-methylthio-3trifluoromethoxybenzoyl)azetidine2R-carboxylic add hydroxyamide;

1-(4methoxy-3propylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(2,2,2-trifluoroethylthio)benzoyl]azetidine-2carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-pentafluoroethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-diallyl-4-methoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethoxy-4-methoxy-5-propylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-bromo-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-prop-1-ynylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3,4-dimethoxy-5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)benzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-methoxy-3,5-dipropylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-methoxy-5-propylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4methoxy-3-R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(1,2,2,2-tetrafluoro-1-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl-]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,5-bis-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-methoxy-5trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-methoxy-3-propyl-5-trifluromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-allyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-propoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzyl)azetidine-2R- carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-but-3-enyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-butoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[4-(3-methyl-but-2-enyloxy)-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl 1]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-{4-[2-(3-fluorophenyl)ethyl]-3- trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl}azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-pentyl-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-trifluoromethylthio-4-(trimethylsilanylethynyl)benzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-ethynyl-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-allyl-3-trifluommethylthiobenzoy!)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-propyl-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-methoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-trifluoroethylthiobenzyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethylthiobenzyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethylthio-4-vinylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-ethyl-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-prop-2-ynyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethoxy-4-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-ethoxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[4-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)-3-trifiuoromethylthiobenzoyl]-azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

(+)-trans-1-(3,4-dimethoxy-5-propylbenzoyl)-3-ethylazetidine-2-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(5,6-dimethoxybiphenyl-3-carbonyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-[3-(3-fluorophenylethynyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzoyl]azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(3-trifluoromethoxy-4-vinylbenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

1-(4-ethyl-3-trifluoromethoxybenzoyl)azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide; and

1-(4-benzyloxy-3-trifluoromethylthiobenzoyl)-azetidine-2R-carboxylic acid hydroxyamide;

or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof or tautomers thereof.

6. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of a compound of claim 1 .

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of a compound of claim 2 .

8. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 6 further comprising one or more additional antibacterial agents.

9. The pharmaceutical composition according to claim 7 further comprising one or more additional antibacterial agents.

10. The pharmaceutical composition according to claims 8 or 9 wherein said antibacterial agent is active against gram negative bacteria.

11. The pharmaceutical composition according to claims 8 or 9 wherein said antibacterial agent is active against gram positive bacteria.

12. A method for the treatment of a microbial infection in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of a compound of claim 1 .

13. A method for the treatment of a microbial infection in a mammal, comprising administering to said mammal a therapeutically effective amount of one or more of a compound of claim 2 .

14. A method for the treatment of a microbial infection in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal, a pharmaceutical composition of claim 6 .

15. A method for the treatment of a microbial infection in a mammal comprising administering to said mammal, a pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 .

16. The method according to claims 14 or 15 , wherein said composition is administered in combination with one or more additional antibacterial agents.

17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein said infection is a gram negative infection.

18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein said antibacterial agent is active against gram negative bacteria.

19. The method according to claim 16 , wherein said infection is a gram positive infection.

20. The method according to claim 19 , wherein said antibacterial agent is active against gram positive bacteria.

21. The method according to claims 14 or 15 , wherein said compound is administered to the mammal orally, parenterally, transdermally, topically, rectally, or intranasally.

22. The method according to claims 14 or 15 , wherein said composition is administered in an amount of from, about 0.1 to about 100 mg/kg of body weight/day.

23. A compound of formula (I):

wherein:

Ar is phenyl or 2,5-dihydro-benzo[b]oxepine;

X is selected from the group consisting of alkyl, haloalkyl, alkylthio, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxy, alkoxyalkyl, haloalkoxy, alkenyl, alkenoxy, alkenoxyalkyl, alkynyl, nitro, halo, hydroxyl, cycloalkyl, haloalkylthio, haloalkyl-sulfinyl, and aminocarboxyalkyl;

R 1 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

R 2 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and alkyl;

n is an integer from 1 to 4;

Z is —CH 2 — or C(O);

m is an integer from 1 to 2;

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof;

provided that when m is 2, then R 2 is H; and

provided that the compound of formula I has a minimum inhibition concentration of 128 μ/ml or less against at least one of the organisms selected from the group consisting of Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter haemolyticus, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides theataioatamicron, Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bordetella pertussis, Brucella melitensis, Burkholderia cepacia, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia mallei Fusobacterium, Prevotella corporis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella endodontalis, Porphyromonas asaccharolytica, Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacterfetus, Citrobacter freundii, Citrobacter koseri, Edwarsiella tarda, Eikenella corrondens, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Enterobacter agglomerans, Escherichia coil, Francisella tularensis, Haemophilus influenzae, Haemophilus ducreyi, Helicobacter pylon, Kingella kingae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella rhinoscieromatis, Klebsiella ozaenae, Legionella penumophila, Moraxella catarrhalis, Morganella morganii, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Neisseria meningitides, Pasteurella multocida, Plesiomonas shigelloides, Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Proteus penneri, Proteus myxofaciens, Providencia stuartii, Providencia rettgeri, Providencia alcalifaciens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonasfluorescens, Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi, Serratia marcescens, Shigella flexneri, Shigella boydii, Shigella sonnei, Shigella dysenteriae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Vibrio cholerae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio alginolyticus, Yersinia enterocolitica, Yersinia pestis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoiae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Ricketsia prowazekii, Coxiella burnetii, Ehrlichia chafeenis , and Bartonella hensenae.