Copper catalyzed arylation
The present invention is directed to an arylation of a nuclophile by reacting the nucleophile with a substrate aromatic compound ArX in the presence of a copper catalyst, a base and water, wherein Ar is aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl, X is halo, sulfonate or phosphonate, the base comprises an alkaline earth carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide or phosphate, and the copper catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion and a ligand.
1 . A method for arylating a nuclophile, comprising reacting the nucleophile with a substrate aromatic compound, ArX, in the presence of a copper catalyst, a base and water, wherein Ar is aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl, X is halo, sulfonate or phosphonate, the base comprises an alkaline earth carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide or phosphate, and the copper catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion and a ligand.
2 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the nucleophile comprises a HN-containing heterocycle or a HN-containing compound according to the formula HN(R 1 )R 2 , wherein R 1 is H, alkyl or aryl, and R 2 is a substituent according to the formula:
wherein R 3 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, —OR 5 or —NR 6 2 , and
R 5 and R 6 are each independently alkyl, aryl, or a substituent according to the formula:
wherein R 7 is alkyl or aryl.
3 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the nucleophile comprises a HN-containing heterocycle selected from triazoles, pyrroles, pyrazoles, imidazoles, indoles, azaindoles, benzotriazoles, benzimidazoles, indazoles, and carbazoles, each of which may be substituted or unsubstituted.
4 . The method of claim 2 , wherein the nucleophile comprises a HN-containing heterocycle comprises a monocyclic system according to the formula:
wherein n is 0 or an integer of from 1 to 3 and R 10 is substituted alkyl, substituted N, or 0.
5 . The method of claim 4 , wherein nucleophile comprises an amide, a carbamate, a urea, or a sulfonamide.
6 . The method of claim 5 , wherein nucleophile comprises benzamide, 4-aminobenzamide, cyclohexylamide, trans-cinnamamide, N-phenylacetamide, N-methylformamide, N-benzylformamide, N-cyclohexylformamide, N-phenyl-tert-butyl carbamate, N-methylimidazolidinone, or p-toluenesulfonamide.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein Ar comprises a phenyl ring which is, other than the X substituent, unsubstituted or is further substituted, in addition to the X substituent, on one or more carbons of the ring with one or more substituent groups each independently selected from alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl, cyano, carbonyl, amino, amido or sulfonyl.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein X is a halo.
9 . The method of claim 1 , wherein X is a sulfonate group according to the formula:
wherein R 8 is alkyl, aryl, fluoroalkyl, preferably trifluoromethyl, perfluoroalkyl.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein X is a phosphonate group according to the formula:
wherein each r 9 is independently alkyl or aryl.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein ArX comprises 4-bromobenzonitrile, 4-N,N′-dimethyl-bromoaniline, 2-bromothiophene, 3-bromoquinoline, 1-nitro-2-iodobenzene, 4-chlorotoluene, 4-bromofluorobenzene, 2-bromoanisole, 4-iodoaniline, 3-bromoacetophenone, or 4-bromothioanisole.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the copper atom or ion is derived from copper metal, from Cu 2 O or from a copper salt selected from CuCl, CuBr, CuBr 2 and CuI.
13 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ligand comprises a 1,2-diamine compound.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ligand comprises 1,2-di(aminomethyl)cyclohexane, N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine, or 1-propyl-1,2-N,N′-dimethylethylenediamine.
15 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the copper catalyst is present in the reaction mixture as complex comprising the copper atom or ion and the ligand.
16 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the copper catalyst is present in an amount of from about 0.01 to about 10 mole %, based on the amount of limiting reactant.
17 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction is conducted in the presence of from about 0.8 to 3 equivalents of ArX, based on the amount of nucleophile.
18 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction is conducted in the presence of from about 1 to about 80 percent by volume water, based on the total volume of reaction mixture.
19 . A method for arylating a HN-containing heterocycle, comprising reacting the HN-containing heterocycle with a substrate aromatic compound, ArX, according to the reaction scheme:
wherein Ar is aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl,
X is halo, sulfonate or phosphonate,
the base comprises an alkaline earth carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide or phosphate, and
the copper catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion and a ligand.
20 . A method for arylating a HN-containing compound according to the formula HN(R 1 )R 2 , comprising reacting the HN-containing compound with a substrate aromatic compound, ArX, according to the reaction scheme:
wherein Ar is aryl, heteroaryl or alkenyl,
X is halo, sulfonate or phosphonate
R 1 is H, alkyl or aryl
R 2 is according to the formula:
wherein R 3 is H, alkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, alkenyl, —OR 5 or —NR 6 2 , and R 5 and R 6 are each independently alkyl, aryl, or
wherein R 7 is alkyl or aryl,
the base comprises an alkaline earth carbonate, bicarbonate, hydroxide or phosphate, and
the copper catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion and a ligand.