Copper-catalyzed formation of carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bonds
One aspect of the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed carbon-heteroatom and carbon-carbon bond-forming methods. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-sulfur bond between the sulfur atom of a thiol moiety and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In other embodiments, the present invention relates to copper(II)-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-nitrogen bond between the nitrogen atom of an amide and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In certain embodiments, the present invention relates to copper-catalyzed methods of forming a carbon-carbon bond between the carbon atom of cyanide ion and the activated carbon of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl halide or sulfonate. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a copper-catalyzed method of transforming an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl chloride or bromide into the corresponding aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide. Yet another embodient of the present invention relates to a tandem method, which may be practiced in a single reaction vessel, wherein the first step of the method involves the copper-catalyzed formation of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide from the corresponding aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl chloride or bromide; and the second step of the method involves the copper-catalyzed formation of an aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl nitrile, amide or sulfide from the aryl, heteroaryl, or vinyl iodide formed in the first step.
1. A method represented by Scheme 1:
wherein
X represents I, Br, Cl, alkylsulfonate, or arylsulfonate;
Z represents optionally substituted aryl, heteroaryl, or alkenyl;
catalyst comprises a copper atom or ion;
base represents a Bronsted base; and
R represents optionally substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, aralkyl, heteroaralkyl, alkenylalkyl, or alkynylalkyl.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein Z represents optionally substituted aryl.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein Z represents optionally substituted phenyl.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base is a carbonate, phosphate, oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, aryloxide, amine, metal amide, fluoride, or guanidine.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the base is potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, or sodium carbonate.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I; and Z represents optionally substituted aryl.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I; and Z represents optionally substituted phenyl.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I; Z represents optionally substituted aryl; and the base is a carbonate, phosphate, oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, aryloxide, amine, metal amide, fluoride, or guanidine.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I; Z represents optionally substituted phenyl; and the base is a carbonate, phosphate, oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, aryloxide, amine, metal amide, fluoride, or guanidine.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I; Z represents optionally substituted aryl; and the base is potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, or sodium carbonate.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents I; Z represents optionally substituted phenyl; and the base is potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, or sodium carbonate.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br; and Z represents optionally substituted aryl.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br; and Z represents optionally substituted phenyl.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br; Z represents optionally substituted aryl; and the base is a carbonate, phosphate, oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, aryloxide, amine, metal amide, fluoride, or guanidine.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br; Z represents optionally substituted phenyl; and the base is a carbonate, phosphate, oxide, hydroxide, alkoxide, aryloxide, amine, metal amide, fluoride, or guanidine.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br; Z represents optionally substituted aryl; and the base is potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, or sodium carbonate.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein X represents Br; Z represents optionally substituted phenyl; and the base is potassium phosphate, potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium tert-butoxide, or sodium carbonate.
20. The method of any of claims 1 - 19 , wherein the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 10 mol % relative to Z—X.
21. The method of any of claims 1 - 19 , wherein the catalyst is present in less than or equal to about 5 mol % relative to Z—X.
22. The method of any of claims 1 - 19 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 150 C.
23. The method of any of claims 1 - 19 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 100 C.
24. The method of any of claims 1 - 19 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 90 C.
25. The method of any of claims 1 - 19 , wherein the method is conducted at a temperature less than about 85 C.