Method and apparatus for gradient generation
A method and apparatus for treating a fluid. A method for treating a fluid may include combining two or more separate streams into a common stream and then splitting the common stream into a new set of separate streams wherein the separate streams may possess different properties. The separate streams may be combined to produce a gradient, such as a concentration gradient or shear gradient. The apparatus of the invention may provide a network of fluidic channels that may be used to manipulate a fluid to produce, for example, a gradient or a series of solutions containing a substance at varying concentrations.
1. A method of treating a surface comprising:
passing a fluid along a portion of a surface under conditions of substantially laminar flow wherein the fluid comprises a concentration gradient of at least one substance, the concentration gradient being substantially perpendicular to the direction of flow and being substantially continuous across the fluid; and
treating differentially a plurality of sections of the portion of the surface exposed to different concentrations of the substance.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the portion of the surface is less than 10 cm wide.
3. The method of claim 2 wherein the portion of the surface is less than 1 cm wide.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein the portion of the surface is less than 1 mm wide.
5. The method of claim 4 wherein the substance is a catalyst.
6. The method of claim 4 wherein the treatment comprises hardening the surface.
7. The method of claim 4 wherein the treating comprises depositing the substance on the surface.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the portion of the surface is less than 1 cm in width.
9. The method of claim 4 wherein the treating comprises forming a topological gradient on the surface.
10. The method of claim 9 wherein the treating comprises removing material from the surface.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein the portion of the surface is less than 1 cm in width.
12. A method of producing a series of solutions comprising:
contacting a concentrated solution of a substance and a less concentrated solution of the substance under conditions of substantially laminar flow to form a combined fluid; and
separating the combined fluid, without using a membrane, into a plurality of separate streams wherein at least one of the separate streams comprises the substance at a concentration that is substantially different than the concentration of the substance in another of the separate streams.
13. The method of claim 12 wherein the concentration of the substance in one of the separate streams is about equal to the concentration of the substance in either the concentrated solution or the less concentrated solution.
14. The method of claim 12 further comprising the step of contacting a third solution comprising a second substance with the combined fluid.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein at least one of the separate streams contains concentrations of the first substance and the second substance at a ratio that is different than the ratio of the first substance and the second substance in at least one other of the separate streams.