Novel electrical contact element for a fuel cell
An electrically conductive fluid distribution element for use in a fuel cell having a conductive metal substrate and a layer of conductive non-metallic porous media. The conductive non-metallic porous media has an electrically conductive metal deposited along a surface in one or more metallized regions. The metallized regions improve electrical conductance at contact regions between the metal substrate and the fluid distribution media.
1 . An electrically conductive element for use in a fuel cell comprising:
a conductive metal substrate;
a layer of conductive non-metallic porous media having a surface facing said metal substrate; and
one or more metallized regions on said surface of said layer, each said metallized region containing an electrically conductive metal; said conductive metal substrate arranged in contact with said metallized regions to provide an electrically conductive path between said layer and said conductive metal substrate.
2 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein each of said metallized regions provides an increased electrical conductivity as compared to a non-metallized region.
3 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said one metallized region essentially entirely covers said surface of said layer.
4 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said conductive metal substrate has a surface facing said layer which is patterned with a plurality of grooves and lands, and wherein said lands are in contact with respective said metallized regions.
5 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein substantially an entire surface of each said land is in contact with a respective said metallized region.
6 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said conductive metal substrate is in contact with said metallized regions and said non-metallized regions.
7 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said metallic substrate is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium.
8 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said conductive metal substrate comprises stainless steel.
9 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 8 , wherein stainless steel is selected from the group consisting of: 316L, 317L, 256 SMO, Alloy 276, and Alloy 904L
10 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 8 , wherein said stainless steel has regions of surface oxides formed opposite said electrical contact regions.
11 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said porous media defines pores forming flow paths through said layer.
12 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive metal is deposited on surfaces of said pores in said metallized regions.
13 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said media comprises carbon.
14 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said media comprises carbon and is selected from the group consisting of: paper, woven cloth, non-woven cloth, fiber, and foam.
15 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises a noble metal.
16 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises a compound containing a noble metal.
17 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions is selected from the group consisting of: Cr, CrN, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Os, Au, and mixtures thereof.
18 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 17 , wherein said electrically conductive metal comprises Au.
19 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of each said metallized region is less than or equal to 15 nm.
20 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of each said metallized region is less than or equal to the depth of two atomic monolayers of metal atoms.
21 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 1 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of each said metallized region is between about 2 to about 10 nm.
22 . An assembly for use in a fuel cell comprising:
an electrically conductive metal substrate having a major surface;
a layer of electrically conductive porous fluid distribution media having a first and a second surface, wherein said first surface is in electrical contact with said major surface and said second surface confronts a membrane electrode assembly; and
one or more metallized regions on said first and said second surfaces of said layer, each said metallized region containing an electrically conductive metal;
wherein an electrical contact resistance across said metal substrate through said metallized regions to said layer is less than a comparative contact resistance across a similar metal substrate and a similar layer of fluid distribution media absent said metallized regions.
23 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein a total value of said electrical resistance is less than 15 mΩ-cm 2 under a compressive force of about 2700 kPa.
24 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said metal substrate is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium.
25 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said metal substrate comprises stainless steel.
26 . The assembly according to claim 25 , wherein said stainless steel has regions of surface oxides formed opposite said electrical contact regions.
27 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said layer comprises carbon.
28 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said layer comprises carbon and is selected from the group consisting of: paper, woven cloth, non-woven cloth, fiber, and foam.
29 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises a noble metal.
30 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises a compound containing a noble metal.
31 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions is selected from the group consisting of: Cr, CrN, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Os, Au, and mixtures thereof.
32 . The assembly according to claim 31 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises Au.
33 . The assembly according to claim 22 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of each said metallized region is less than or equal to 15 nm.
34 . An electrically conductive fluid distribution element for a fuel cell, said element comprising:
a layer of electrically conductive porous media comprising carbon and one or more ultra-thin metallized regions along a surface of said layer, said one or more metallized regions comprising an electrically conductive metal.
35 . The electrically conductive fluid distribution element according to claim 34 , wherein said surface having said one or more metallized regions confronts an electrically conductive impermeable separator element.
36 . The electrically conductive fluid distribution element according to claim 34 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of said ultra-thin metallized regions is less than 40 nm.
37 . The electrically conductive fluid distribution element according to claim 35 , wherein said surface having said metallized regions contacts said impermeable separator element and forms an electrically conductive path therebetween.
38 . The electrically conductive fluid distribution element according to claim 35 , wherein said impermeable separator element arranged in contact with said ultra-thin metallized regions provides an electrically conductive path between said layer and said separator element, and a total electrical resistance across said separator element through said metallized regions to said layer is less than 15 mOhm-cm 2 under a compressive force of 2700 kPa.
39 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , The method of claim 34 , wherein said separator element is selected from the group consisting of stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium.
40 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein said porous media of said layer has a plurality of pores forming flow paths through said layer.
41 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 40 , wherein said electrically conductive metal is deposited on surfaces of said pores in said metallized regions.
42 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein said porous media is selected from the group consisting of: paper, woven cloth, non-woven cloth, fiber, and foam.
43 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises a noble metal.
44 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions comprises a compound containing a noble metal.
45 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein said electrically conductive metal of said metallized regions is selected from the group consisting of: Cr, CrN, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Os, Au, and mixtures thereof.
46 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 45 , wherein said electrically conductive metal comprises Au.
47 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of said ultra-thin metallized region is less than or equal to the depth of two atomic monolayers of metal atoms.
48 . The electrically conductive element according to claim 34 , wherein a thickness of said electrically conductive metal of said ultra-thin metallized regions is between about 2 to about 10 nm.
49 . A method for manufacturing an electrically conductive element for a fuel cell, comprising:
depositing an electrically conductive metal on a surface of an electrically conductive porous media to form one or more metallized regions having an ultra-thin thickness;
positioning said surface having said metallized regions adjacent to a metallic electrically conductive substrate;
contacting said substrate with said surface having said metallized regions to form an electrically conductive path between said substrate and said porous media.
50 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said depositing is conducted by a process selected from the group consisting of: electron bean evaporation, magnetron sputtering, physical vapor deposition, electrolytic deposition, and electroless deposition.
51 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said electrically conductive metal is selected from the group consisting of: Cr, CrN, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Ir, Pt, Os, Au, and mixtures thereof.
52 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said electrically conductive metal comprises a noble metal or a compound containing a noble metal.
53 . The method according to claim 52 , wherein said electrically conductive metal comprises Au.
54 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said depositing is conducted to provide said ultra-thin thickness of less than or equal to 15 nm.
55 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said depositing is conducted to provide said ultra-thin thickness of less than or equal to the depth of two atomic monolayers of metal atoms.
56 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said depositing is conducted to provide said ultra-thin thickness of between about 2 to about 10 nm.
57 . The method according to claim 49 , wherein said contacting is accomplished by compressive force imparted on the fuel cell in an assembled fuel cell stack.