Photoactivators, methods of use, and the articles derived therefrom
A method for crosslinking one or more molecules comprises crosslinking the one or more molecules with a photactivatable crosslinker by one-photon or multi-photon excitation, wherein the crosslinker comprises at least two photoactive groups linked by a bridging moiety, and further wherein the point volume of the activation has at least one dimension of less than about 1 micron. The method is of particular utility for water-soluble molecules, particularly biologically active water-soluble molecules.
1. A method for crosslinking one or more molecules, comprising
photoactivating a photactivatable crosslinker in the presence of the one or more molecules by multi-photon excitation, wherein the crosslinker comprises at least two photoactive groups covalently linked by a bridging moiety, and further wherein the point volume of the activation produces a structural element that has at least one dimension of less than about 1 micron; and
crosslinking the one or more molecules with the activated crosslinker,
wherein the crosslinking produces a three-dimensional structure,
wherein the photoactive groups are selected from the group consisting of benzophenones, triazines, chromophore-substituted halomethyl-s-triazines, pyrazines, pyrimidines, pyradizines, benzotriazoles, nitrobenzenes, phenyldiazenes, pyridazine diones, phthalazine diones, and a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing photoactive groups.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker is substantially water-soluble.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker comprises at least one acid or acid salt.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the acid salt is the alkali or alkaline earth metal salt of a carboxylate, formate, nitrate, phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, sulfate, or sulfonate.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker comprises at least one base or base salt.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker comprises at least one group capable of hydrogen bonding with water.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker has the structure (I)
A 1 -L 1 -Q-L 2 -A 2 (I)
wherein A 1 and A 2 are the same or different photoactive groups, wherein A 1 and A 2 are selected from the group consisting of
and a combination of these photoactive groups, wherein
each R in the formulas are independently selected from an ionic moiety; a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-36 alkyl, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-36 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6-36 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 7-42 alkylaryl; two R groups together may form a fused cyclic or heterocyclic group such as a cycloalkyl or aryl; a halogen, hydroxyl, amino, substituted amino, amide, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxy ester, phosphate ester, phosphonate ester, sulfate ester, sulfonate ester, sulfhychyl group, or hydrocarbonoxy group optionally comprising one of the foregoing hydrocarbon groups
n is 0 to 5 and m is 0 to 4;
L 1 and L 2 are linking groups; and
Q is a bridging moiety.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the bridging moiety is a divalent, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-36 alkyl, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-36 cycloalicyl, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-36 methylcycloalkyl, C 6-36 aryl, C 7-42 alkylaiyl, C 7-42 aralkyl, C 1-18 heterocycle, a polyaWylene glycol, polyolefin, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyamide, polyester, polysulfone, polyimide, polyamideimide, polysiloxane, polyetherimide, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polyaciylonitrile, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polyurethane, polyvinylidene chloride, fluoropolymer, peptide, oligopeptide, oligonucleotide, saccharide, polysaccharide, fatty acid, or lipid.
9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker comprise an acid or acid salt.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecule is an amino acid, peptide, oligopeptide, protein, enzyme, myosin, collagen, fatty acid, lipid, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, oligomer, saccharide, polysaccharide, glycosaminoglycan, cellulose, cytokine, hormone, receptor, growth factor, drug or a mixture comprising at least one of the foregoing molecules.
11. A product derived by the method of claim 1 .
12. A method for crosslinking one or more molecules, comprising
photoactivating a photactivatable crosslinker in the presence of the one or more molecules by multi-photon excitation, wherein the crosslinker comprises at least two photoactive groups covalently linked by a bridging moiety, and further wherein the point volume of the activation produces a structural element that has at least one dimension of less than about 1 micron; and
crosslinking the one or more molecules with the activated crosslinker,
wherein the crosslinking produces a three-dimensional structure built up from elements with point volumes having at least one dimension of less than about 1 micron; and
wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker has the structure (I)
A 1 -L 1 -Q-L 2 -A 2 (I)
wherein A 1 and A 2 are the same or different photoactive groups, wherein A 1 and A 2 are selected from the group consisting of
and a combination of these photoactive groups, wherein
each R in the formulas are independently selected from an ionic moiety; a saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-36 alkyl, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-36 cycloalkyl, substituted or unsubstituted C 6-36 aryl, or substituted or unsubstituted C 7-42 alkylaryl; two R groups together may form a fused cyclic or heterocyclic group such as a cycloalkyl or aryl; a halogen, hydroxyl, amino, substituted amino, amide, alkoxy, carboxyl, carboxy ester, phosphate ester, phosphonate ester, sulfate ester, sulfonate ester, sulfhydryl group, or hydrocarbonoxy group optionally comprising one of the foregoing hydrocarbon groups
n is 0 to 5 and m is 0 to 4;
L 1 and L 2 are linking groups; and
Q is a bridging moiety.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the bridging moiety is a divalent, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 1-36 alkyl, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-36 cycloalkyl, saturated or unsaturated, substituted or unsubstituted C 3-36 methylcycloallcyl, C 6-36 aryl, C 7-42 alkylaiyl, C 7-42 aralkyl, C 1-18 heterocycle, a polyalkylene glycol, polyolefin, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyamide, polyester, polysulfone, polyimide, polyamideimide, polysiloxane, polyetherimide, polyether sulfone, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether ketone, polyether ether ketone, polystyrene, polyacrylate, polyacrylonitrile, polyacetal, polycarbonate, polyphenylene ether, polyurethane, polyvinylidene chloride, fluoropolymer, peptide, oligopeptide, oligonucleotide, saccharide, polysaccharide, fatty acid, or lipid.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the photoactivatable crosslinker comprise an acid or acid salt.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the molecule is an amino acid, peptide, oligopeptide, protein, enzyme, myosin, collagen, fatty acid, lipid, ribonucleic acid, deoxyribonucleic acid, oligomer, saccharide, polysaccharide, glycosarninoglycan, cellulose, cytokine, hormone, receptor, growth factor, drug or a mixture comprising at least one of the foregoing molecules.